Emulation

Emulation/emu.config

+[DEFAULT]
+sudo_password=yinqidi
+firmadyne_path=/home/yinqidi/Desktop/EmuFuzz/Emulation

Emulation/emu.py

+#! /usr/bin/python
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import pexpect
+import sys
+import argparse
+
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+
+config = ConfigParser()
+config.read("emu.config")
+firmadyne_path = config["DEFAULT"].get("firmadyne_path", "")
+sudo_pass = config["DEFAULT"].get("sudo_password", "")
+
+def get_next_unused_iid():
+    for i in range(1, 1000):
+        if not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "scratch", str(i))):
+            return str(i)
+    return ""
+
+
+def run_extractor(firm_name):
+    print ("[+] Firmware:", os.path.basename(firm_name))
+    print ("[+] Extracting the firmware...")
+
+    extractor_cmd = os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "extractor/extractor.py")
+    extractor_args = [
+        "-np",
+        "-nk",
+        firm_name,
+        os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "images")
+    ]
+
+    child = pexpect.spawn(extractor_cmd, extractor_args, timeout=None)
+    child.expect_exact("Tag: ")
+    tag = child.readline().strip().decode("utf8")
+    child.expect_exact(pexpect.EOF)
+
+    image_tgz = os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "images", tag + ".tar.gz")
+
+    if os.path.isfile(image_tgz):
+        iid = get_next_unused_iid()
+        if iid == "" or os.path.isfile(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(image_tgz), iid + ".tar.gz")):
+            print ("[!] Too many stale images")
+            print ("[!] Please run reset.py or manually delete the contents of the scratch/ and images/ directory")
+            return ""
+
+        os.rename(image_tgz, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(image_tgz), iid + ".tar.gz"))
+        print ("[+] Image ID:", iid)
+        return iid
+
+    return ""
+
+
+def identify_arch(image_id):
+    print ("[+] Identifying architecture...")
+    identfy_arch_cmd = os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "scripts/getArch.sh")
+    identfy_arch_args = [
+        os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "images", image_id + ".tar.gz")
+    ]
+    child = pexpect.spawn(identfy_arch_cmd, identfy_arch_args, cwd=firmadyne_path)
+    child.expect_exact(":")
+    arch = child.readline().strip().decode("utf8")
+    print ("[+] Architecture: " + arch)
+    try:
+        child.expect_exact(pexpect.EOF)
+    except Exception as e:
+        child.close(force=True)
+
+    return arch
+
+
+def make_image(image_id, arch):
+    print ("[+] Building QEMU disk image...")
+    makeimage_cmd = os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "scripts/makeImage.sh")
+    makeimage_args = ["--", makeimage_cmd, image_id, arch]
+    child = pexpect.spawn("sudo", makeimage_args, cwd=firmadyne_path)
+    child.sendline(sudo_pass)
+    child.expect_exact(pexpect.EOF)
+
+
+def infer_network(image_id, arch):
+    print ("[+] Setting up the network connection, please standby...")
+    network_cmd = os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "scripts/inferNetwork.sh")
+    network_args = [image_id, arch]
+
+    child = pexpect.spawn(network_cmd, network_args, cwd=firmadyne_path)
+
+    child.expect_exact("Interfaces:", timeout=None)
+    interfaces = child.readline().strip().decode("utf8")
+    print ("[+] Network interfaces:", interfaces)
+    child.expect_exact(pexpect.EOF)
+
+
+def final_run(image_id, arch, qemu_dir):
+    runsh_path = os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "scratch", image_id, "run.sh")
+    if not os.path.isfile(runsh_path):
+        print ("[!] Cannot emulate firmware, run.sh not generated")
+        return
+    
+    print ("[+] All set! Press ENTER to run the firmware...")
+    input ("[+] When running, press Ctrl + A X to terminate qemu")
+
+    print ("[+] Command line:", runsh_path)
+    run_cmd = ["--", runsh_path]
+    child = pexpect.spawn("sudo", run_cmd, cwd=firmadyne_path)
+    child.sendline(sudo_pass)
+    child.interact()
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("firm_path", help="The path to the firmware image", type=str)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+  
+    image_id = run_extractor(args.firm_path)
+    if image_id == "":
+        print ("[!] Image extraction failed")
+    else:
+        arch = identify_arch(image_id)
+        make_image(image_id, arch)
+        infer_network(image_id, arch)
+        # final_run(image_id, arch)
+    # final_run("1", "mipseb")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

Emulation/extractor/Dockerfile

+FROM python:2-wheezy
+
+WORKDIR /root
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get upgrade -y && \
+    apt-get install -y git-core wget build-essential liblzma-dev liblzo2-dev zlib1g-dev unrar-free && \
+    pip install -U pip
+
+RUN git clone https://github.com/firmadyne/sasquatch && \
+    cd sasquatch && \
+    make && \
+    make install && \
+    cd .. && \
+    rm -rf sasquatch
+
+RUN git clone https://github.com/devttys0/binwalk.git && \
+    cd binwalk && \
+    ./deps.sh --yes && \
+    python setup.py install && \
+    pip install 'git+https://github.com/ahupp/python-magic' && \
+    pip install 'git+https://github.com/sviehb/jefferson' && \
+    cd .. && \
+    rm -rf binwalk
+
+RUN \
+  adduser --disabled-password \
+          --gecos '' \
+          --home /home/extractor \
+          extractor
+
+USER extractor
+WORKDIR /home/extractor
+
+RUN git clone https://github.com/firmadyne/extractor.git

Emulation/extractor/LICENSE.txt

+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2015 - 2016, Daming Dominic Chen
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

Emulation/extractor/README.md

+Introduction
+============
+
+This is a recursive firmware extractor that aims to extract a kernel image 
+and/or compressed filesystem from a Linux-based firmware image. A number of 
+heuristics are included to avoid extraction of certain blacklisted file types, 
+and to avoid unproductive extraction beyond certain breadth and depth 
+limitations.
+
+Firmware images with multiple filesystems are not fully supported; this tool
+cannot reassemble them and will instead extract the first filesystem that has
+sufficient UNIX-like root directories (e.g. `/bin`, `/etc/`, etc.)
+
+For the impatients: Dockerize all the things!
+=============================================
+1. Install [Docker](https://docs.docker.com/engine/getstarted/)
+2. Run the dockerized extractor
+```
+git clone https://github.com/firmadyne/extractor.git
+cd extractor
+./extract.sh path/to/firmware.img path/to/output/directory
+```
+
+Dependencies
+============
+* [fakeroot](https://fakeroot.alioth.debian.org)
+* [psycopg2](http://initd.org/psycopg/)
+* [binwalk](https://github.com/devttys0/binwalk)
+* [python-magic](https://github.com/ahupp/python-magic)
+
+Please use the latest version of `binwalk`. Note that there are two
+Python modules that both share the name `python-magic`; both should be usable,
+but only the one linked above has been tested extensively.
+
+Binwalk
+-------
+
+* [jefferson](https://github.com/sviehb/jefferson)
+* [sasquatch](https://github.com/firmadyne/sasquatch) (optional)
+
+When installing `binwalk`, it is optional to use the forked version of the
+`sasquatch` tool, which has been modified to make SquashFS file extraction
+errors fatal to prevent false positives.
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+During execution, the extractor will temporarily extract files into `/tmp`
+while recursing. Since firmware images can be large, preferably mount this
+mount point as `tmpfs` backed by a large amount of memory, to optimize
+performance.
+
+To preserve filesystem permissions during extraction, while avoiding execution
+with root privileges, wrap execution of this extractor within `fakeroot`. This
+will emulate privileged operations.
+
+`fakeroot python3 ./extractor.py -np <infile> <outdir>`
+
+Notes
+=====
+
+This tool is beta quality. In particular, it was written before the 
+`binwalk` API was updated to provide an interface for accessing information
+about the extraction of each signature match. As a result, it walks the
+filesystem to identify the extracted files that correspond to a given
+signature match. Additionally, parallel operation has not been thoroughly
+tested.
+
+Pull requests are greatly appreciated!

Emulation/extractor/extract.sh

+#! /bin/bash
+
+infile=$1
+outdir=$2
+
+# override 65535k docker default size with tmpfs default
+mem=$(($(free | awk '/^Mem:/{print $2}') / 2))k
+
+indir=$(realpath $(dirname "${infile}"))
+outdir=$(realpath "${outdir}")
+infilebn=$(basename "${infile}")
+
+docker run --rm -t -i --tmpfs /tmp:rw,size=${mem} \
+  -v "${indir}":/firmware-in:ro \
+  -v "${outdir}":/firmware-out \
+  "ddcc/firmadyne-extractor:latest" \
+  fakeroot /home/extractor/extractor/extractor.py \
+  -np \
+  /firmware-in/"${infilebn}" \
+  /firmware-out

Emulation/extractor/extractor.py

+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+Module that performs extraction. For usage, refer to documentation for the class
+'Extractor'. This module can also be executed directly,
+e.g. 'extractor.py <input> <output>'.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import multiprocessing
+import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import traceback
+
+import magic
+import binwalk
+
+class Extractor(object):
+    """
+    Class that extracts kernels and filesystems from firmware images, given an
+    input file or directory and output directory.
+    """
+
+    # Directories that define the root of a UNIX filesystem, and the
+    # appropriate threshold condition
+    UNIX_DIRS = ["bin", "etc", "dev", "home", "lib", "mnt", "opt", "root",
+                 "run", "sbin", "tmp", "usr", "var"]
+    UNIX_THRESHOLD = 4
+
+    # Lock to prevent concurrent access to visited set. Unfortunately, must be
+    # static because it cannot be pickled or passed as instance attribute.
+    visited_lock = multiprocessing.Lock()
+
+    def __init__(self, indir, outdir=None, rootfs=True, kernel=True,
+                 numproc=True, server=None, brand=None):
+        # Input firmware update file or directory
+        self._input = os.path.abspath(indir)
+        # Output firmware directory
+        self.output_dir = os.path.abspath(outdir) if outdir else None
+
+        # Whether to attempt to extract kernel
+        self.do_kernel = kernel
+
+        # Whether to attempt to extract root filesystem
+        self.do_rootfs = rootfs
+
+        # Brand of the firmware
+        self.brand = brand
+
+        # Hostname of SQL server
+        self.database = server
+
+        # Worker pool.
+        self._pool = multiprocessing.Pool() if numproc else None
+
+        # Set containing MD5 checksums of visited items
+        self.visited = set()
+
+        # List containing tagged items to extract as 2-tuple: (tag [e.g. MD5],
+        # path)
+        self._list = list()
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """
+        Eliminate attributes that should not be pickled.
+        """
+        self_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
+        del self_dict["_pool"]
+        del self_dict["_list"]
+        return self_dict
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def io_dd(indir, offset, size, outdir):
+        """
+        Given a path to a target file, extract size bytes from specified offset
+        to given output file.
+        """
+        if not size:
+            return
+
+        with open(indir, "rb") as ifp:
+            with open(outdir, "wb") as ofp:
+                ifp.seek(offset, 0)
+                ofp.write(ifp.read(size))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def magic(indata, mime=False):
+        """
+        Performs file magic while maintaining compatibility with different
+        libraries.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            if mime:
+                mymagic = magic.open(magic.MAGIC_MIME_TYPE)
+            else:
+                mymagic = magic.open(magic.MAGIC_NONE)
+            mymagic.load()
+        except AttributeError:
+            mymagic = magic.Magic(mime)
+            mymagic.file = mymagic.from_file
+        return mymagic.file(indata)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def io_md5(target):
+        """
+        Performs MD5 with a block size of 64kb.
+        """
+        blocksize = 65536
+        hasher = hashlib.md5()
+
+        with open(target, 'rb') as ifp:
+            buf = ifp.read(blocksize)
+            while buf:
+                hasher.update(buf)
+                buf = ifp.read(blocksize)
+            return hasher.hexdigest()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def io_rm(target):
+        """
+        Attempts to recursively delete a directory.
+        """
+        shutil.rmtree(target, ignore_errors=False, onerror=Extractor._io_err)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _io_err(function, path, excinfo):
+        """
+        Internal function used by '_rm' to print out errors.
+        """
+        print(("!! %s: Cannot delete %s!\n%s" % (function, path, excinfo)))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def io_find_rootfs(start, recurse=True):
+        """
+        Attempts to find a Linux root directory.
+        """
+
+        # Recurse into single directory chains, e.g. jffs2-root/fs_1/.../
+        path = start
+        while (len(os.listdir(path)) == 1 and
+               os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path, os.listdir(path)[0]))):
+            path = os.path.join(path, os.listdir(path)[0])
+
+        # count number of unix-like directories
+        count = 0
+        for subdir in os.listdir(path):
+            if subdir in Extractor.UNIX_DIRS and \
+                os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path, subdir)):
+                count += 1
+
+        # check for extracted filesystem, otherwise update queue
+        if count >= Extractor.UNIX_THRESHOLD:
+            return (True, path)
+
+        # in some cases, multiple filesystems may be extracted, so recurse to
+        # find best one
+        if recurse:
+            for subdir in os.listdir(path):
+                if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path, subdir)):
+                    res = Extractor.io_find_rootfs(os.path.join(path, subdir),
+                                                   False)
+                    if res[0]:
+                        return res
+
+        return (False, start)
+
+    def extract(self):
+        """
+        Perform extraction of firmware updates from input to tarballs in output
+        directory using a thread pool.
+        """
+        if os.path.isdir(self._input):
+            for path, _, files in os.walk(self._input):
+                for item in files:
+                    self._list.append(os.path.join(path, item))
+        elif os.path.isfile(self._input):
+            self._list.append(self._input)
+        else:
+            print("!! Cannot read file: %s" % (self._input,))
+
+        if self.output_dir and not os.path.isdir(self.output_dir):
+            os.makedirs(self.output_dir)
+
+        if self._pool:
+            self._pool.map(self._extract_item, self._list)
+        else:
+            for item in self._list:
+                self._extract_item(item)
+
+    def _extract_item(self, path):
+        """
+        Wrapper function that creates an ExtractionItem and calls the extract()
+        method.
+        """
+
+        ExtractionItem(self, path, 0).extract()
+
+class ExtractionItem(object):
+    """
+    Class that encapsulates the state of a single item that is being extracted.
+    """
+
+    # Maximum recursion breadth and depth
+    RECURSION_BREADTH = 5
+    RECURSION_DEPTH = 3
+
+    def __init__(self, extractor, path, depth, tag=None):
+        # Temporary directory
+        self.temp = None
+
+        # Recursion depth counter
+        self.depth = depth
+
+        # Reference to parent extractor object
+        self.extractor = extractor
+
+        # File path
+        self.item = path
+
+        # Database connection
+        if self.extractor.database:
+            import psycopg2
+            self.database = psycopg2.connect(database="firmware",
+                                             user="firmadyne",
+                                             password="firmadyne",
+                                             host=self.extractor.database)
+        else:
+            self.database = None
+
+        # Checksum
+        self.checksum = Extractor.io_md5(path)
+
+        # Tag
+        self.tag = tag if tag else self.generate_tag()
+
+        # Output file path and filename prefix
+        self.output = os.path.join(self.extractor.output_dir, self.tag) if \
+                                   self.extractor.output_dir else None
+
+        # Status, with terminate indicating early termination for this item
+        self.terminate = False
+        self.status = None
+        self.update_status()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if self.database:
+            self.database.close()
+
+        if self.temp:
+            self.printf(">> Cleaning up %s..." % self.temp)
+            Extractor.io_rm(self.temp)
+
+    def printf(self, fmt):
+        """
+        Prints output string with appropriate depth indentation.
+        """
+        print(("\t" * self.depth + fmt))
+
+    def generate_tag(self):
+        """
+        Generate the filename tag.
+        """
+        if not self.database:
+            return os.path.basename(self.item) + "_" + self.checksum
+
+        try:
+            image_id = None
+            cur = self.database.cursor()
+            if self.extractor.brand:
+                brand = self.extractor.brand
+            else:
+                brand = os.path.relpath(self.item).split(os.path.sep)[0]
+            cur.execute("SELECT id FROM brand WHERE name=%s", (brand, ))
+            brand_id = cur.fetchone()
+            if not brand_id:
+                cur.execute("INSERT INTO brand (name) VALUES (%s) RETURNING id",
+                            (brand, ))
+                brand_id = cur.fetchone()
+            if brand_id:
+                cur.execute("SELECT id FROM image WHERE hash=%s",
+                            (self.checksum, ))
+                image_id = cur.fetchone()
+                if not image_id:
+                    cur.execute("INSERT INTO image (filename, brand_id, hash) \
+                                VALUES (%s, %s, %s) RETURNING id",
+                                (os.path.basename(self.item), brand_id[0],
+                                 self.checksum))
+                    image_id = cur.fetchone()
+            self.database.commit()
+        except BaseException:
+            traceback.print_exc()
+            self.database.rollback()
+        finally:
+            if cur:
+                cur.close()
+
+        if image_id:
+            self.printf(">> Database Image ID: %s" % image_id[0])
+
+        return str(image_id[0]) if \
+               image_id else os.path.basename(self.item) + "_" + self.checksum
+
+    def get_kernel_status(self):
+        """
+        Get the flag corresponding to the kernel status.
+        """
+        return self.status[0]
+
+    def get_rootfs_status(self):
+        """
+        Get the flag corresponding to the root filesystem status.
+        """
+        return self.status[1]
+
+    def update_status(self):
+        """
+        Updates the status flags using the tag to determine completion status.
+        """
+        kernel_done = os.path.isfile(self.get_kernel_path()) if \
+            self.extractor.do_kernel and self.output else \
+            not self.extractor.do_kernel
+        rootfs_done = os.path.isfile(self.get_rootfs_path()) if \
+            self.extractor.do_rootfs and self.output else \
+            not self.extractor.do_rootfs
+        self.status = (kernel_done, rootfs_done)
+
+        if self.database and kernel_done and self.extractor.do_kernel:
+            self.update_database("kernel_extracted", "True")
+
+        if self.database and rootfs_done and self.extractor.do_rootfs:
+            self.update_database("rootfs_extracted", "True")
+
+        return self.get_status()
+
+    def update_database(self, field, value):
+        """
+        Update a given field in the database.
+        """
+        ret = True
+        if self.database:
+            try:
+                cur = self.database.cursor()
+                cur.execute("UPDATE image SET " + field + "='" + value +
+                            "' WHERE id=%s", (self.tag, ))
+                self.database.commit()
+            except BaseException:
+                ret = False
+                traceback.print_exc()
+                self.database.rollback()
+            finally:
+                if cur:
+                    cur.close()
+        return ret
+
+    def get_status(self):
+        """
+        Returns True if early terminate signaled, extraction is complete,
+        otherwise False.
+        """
+        return True if self.terminate or all(i for i in self.status) else False
+
+    def get_kernel_path(self):
+        """
+        Return the full path (including filename) to the output kernel file.
+        """
+        return self.output + ".kernel" if self.output else None
+
+    def get_rootfs_path(self):
+        """
+        Return the full path (including filename) to the output root filesystem
+        file.
+        """
+        return self.output + ".tar.gz" if self.output else None
+
+    def extract(self):
+        """
+        Perform the actual extraction of firmware updates, recursively. Returns
+        True if extraction complete, otherwise False.
+        """
+        self.printf("\n" + self.item.encode("utf-8", "replace").decode("utf-8"))
+
+        # check if item is complete
+        if self.get_status():
+            self.printf(">> Skipping: completed!")
+            return True
+
+        # check if exceeding recursion depth
+        if self.depth > ExtractionItem.RECURSION_DEPTH:
+            self.printf(">> Skipping: recursion depth %d" % self.depth)
+            return self.get_status()
+
+        # check if checksum is in visited set
+        self.printf(">> MD5: %s" % self.checksum)
+        with Extractor.visited_lock:
+            if self.checksum in self.extractor.visited:
+                self.printf(">> Skipping: %s..." % self.checksum)
+                return self.get_status()
+            else:
+                self.extractor.visited.add(self.checksum)
+
+        # check if filetype is blacklisted
+        if self._check_blacklist():
+            return self.get_status()
+
+        # create working directory
+        self.temp = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+        try:
+            self.printf(">> Tag: %s" % self.tag)
+            self.printf(">> Temp: %s" % self.temp)
+            self.printf(">> Status: Kernel: %s, Rootfs: %s, Do_Kernel: %s, \
+                Do_Rootfs: %s" % (self.get_kernel_status(),
+                                  self.get_rootfs_status(),
+                                  self.extractor.do_kernel,
+                                  self.extractor.do_rootfs))
+
+            for analysis in [self._check_archive, self._check_firmware,
+                             self._check_kernel, self._check_rootfs,
+                             self._check_compressed]:
+                # Move to temporary directory so binwalk does not write to input
+                os.chdir(self.temp)
+
+                # Update status only if analysis changed state
+                if analysis():
+                    if self.update_status():
+                        self.printf(">> Skipping: completed!")
+                        return True
+
+        except Exception:
+            traceback.print_exc()
+
+        return False
+
+    def _check_blacklist(self):
+        """
+        Check if this file is blacklisted for analysis based on file type.
+        """
+        # First, use MIME-type to exclude large categories of files
+        filetype = Extractor.magic(self.item.encode("utf-8", "surrogateescape"),
+                                   mime=True)
+        if any(s in filetype for s in ["application/x-executable",
+                                       "application/x-dosexec",
+                                       "application/x-object",
+                                       "application/pdf",
+                                       "application/msword",
+                                       "image/", "text/", "video/"]):
+            self.printf(">> Skipping: %s..." % filetype)
+            return True
+
+        # Next, check for specific file types that have MIME-type
+        # 'application/octet-stream'
+        filetype = Extractor.magic(self.item.encode("utf-8", "surrogateescape"))
+        if any(s in filetype for s in ["executable", "universal binary",
+                                       "relocatable", "bytecode", "applet"]):
+            self.printf(">> Skipping: %s..." % filetype)
+            return True
+
+        # Finally, check for specific file extensions that would be incorrectly
+        # identified
+        if self.item.endswith(".dmg"):
+            self.printf(">> Skipping: %s..." % (self.item))
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def _check_archive(self):
+        """
+        If this file is an archive, recurse over its contents, unless it matches
+        an extracted root filesystem.
+        """
+        return self._check_recursive("archive")
+
+    def _check_firmware(self):
+        """
+        If this file is of a known firmware type, directly attempt to extract
+        the kernel and root filesystem.
+        """
+        for module in binwalk.scan(self.item, "-y", "header", signature=True,
+                                   quiet=True):
+            for entry in module.results:
+                # uImage
+                if "uImage header" in entry.description:
+                    if not self.get_kernel_status() and \
+                        "OS Kernel Image" in entry.description:
+                        kernel_offset = entry.offset + 64
+                        kernel_size = 0
+
+                        for stmt in entry.description.split(','):
+                            if "image size:" in stmt:
+                                kernel_size = int(''.join(
+                                    i for i in stmt if i.isdigit()), 10)
+
+                        if kernel_size != 0 and kernel_offset + kernel_size \
+                            <= os.path.getsize(self.item):
+                            self.printf(">>>> %s" % entry.description)
+
+                            tmp_fd, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=self.temp)
+                            os.close(tmp_fd)
+                            Extractor.io_dd(self.item, kernel_offset,
+                                            kernel_size, tmp_path)
+                            kernel = ExtractionItem(self.extractor, tmp_path,
+                                                    self.depth, self.tag)
+
+                            return kernel.extract()
+                    # elif "RAMDisk Image" in entry.description:
+                    #     self.printf(">>>> %s" % entry.description)
+                    #     self.printf(">>>> Skipping: RAMDisk / initrd")
+                    #     self.terminate = True
+                    #     return True
+
+                # TP-Link or TRX
+                elif not self.get_kernel_status() and \
+                    not self.get_rootfs_status() and \
+                    "rootfs offset: " in entry.description and \
+                    "kernel offset: " in entry.description:
+                    kernel_offset = 0
+                    kernel_size = 0
+                    rootfs_offset = 0
+                    rootfs_size = 0
+
+                    for stmt in entry.description.split(','):
+                        if "kernel offset:" in stmt:
+                            kernel_offset = int(stmt.split(':')[1], 16)
+                        elif "kernel length:" in stmt:
+                            kernel_size = int(stmt.split(':')[1], 16)
+                        elif "rootfs offset:" in stmt:
+                            rootfs_offset = int(stmt.split(':')[1], 16)
+                        elif "rootfs length:" in stmt:
+                            rootfs_size = int(stmt.split(':')[1], 16)
+
+                    # compute sizes if only offsets provided
+                    if kernel_offset != rootfs_size and kernel_size == 0 and \
+                        rootfs_size == 0:
+                        kernel_size = rootfs_offset - kernel_offset
+                        rootfs_size = os.path.getsize(self.item) - rootfs_offset
+
+                    # ensure that computed values are sensible
+                    if (kernel_size > 0 and kernel_offset + kernel_size \
+                        <= os.path.getsize(self.item)) and \
+                        (rootfs_size != 0 and rootfs_offset + rootfs_size \
+                            <= os.path.getsize(self.item)):
+                        self.printf(">>>> %s" % entry.description)
+
+                        tmp_fd, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=self.temp)
+                        os.close(tmp_fd)
+                        Extractor.io_dd(self.item, kernel_offset, kernel_size,
+                                        tmp_path)
+                        kernel = ExtractionItem(self.extractor, tmp_path,
+                                                self.depth, self.tag)
+                        kernel.extract()
+
+                        tmp_fd, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=self.temp)
+                        os.close(tmp_fd)
+                        Extractor.io_dd(self.item, rootfs_offset, rootfs_size,
+                                        tmp_path)
+                        rootfs = ExtractionItem(self.extractor, tmp_path,
+                                                self.depth, self.tag)
+                        rootfs.extract()
+
+                        return self.update_status()
+        return False
+
+    def _check_kernel(self):
+        """
+        If this file contains a kernel version string, assume it is a kernel.
+        Only Linux kernels are currently extracted.
+        """
+        if not self.get_kernel_status():
+            for module in binwalk.scan(self.item, "-y", "kernel",
+                                       signature=True, quiet=True):
+                for entry in module.results:
+                    if "kernel version" in entry.description:
+                        self.update_database("kernel_version",
+                                             entry.description)
+                        if "Linux" in entry.description:
+                            if self.get_kernel_path():
+                                shutil.copy(self.item, self.get_kernel_path())
+                            else:
+                                self.extractor.do_kernel = False
+                            self.printf(">>>> %s" % entry.description)
+                            return True
+                        # VxWorks, etc
+                        else:
+                            self.printf(">>>> Ignoring: %s" % entry.description)
+                            return False
+                return False
+        return False
+
+    def _check_rootfs(self):
+        """
+        If this file contains a known filesystem type, extract it.
+        """
+
+        if not self.get_rootfs_status():
+            for module in binwalk.scan(self.item, "-e", "-r", "-y",
+                                       "filesystem", signature=True,
+                                       quiet=True):
+                for entry in module.results:
+                    self.printf(">>>> %s" % entry.description)
+                    break
+
+                if module.extractor.directory:
+                    unix = Extractor.io_find_rootfs(module.extractor.directory)
+
+                    if not unix[0]:
+                        self.printf(">>>> Extraction failed!")
+                        return False
+
+                    self.printf(">>>> Found Linux filesystem in %s!" % unix[1])
+                    if self.output:
+                        shutil.make_archive(self.output, "gztar",
+                                            root_dir=unix[1])
+                    else:
+                        self.extractor.do_rootfs = False
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def _check_compressed(self):
+        """
+        If this file appears to be compressed, decompress it and recurse over
+        its contents.
+        """
+        return self._check_recursive("compressed")
+
+    # treat both archived and compressed files using the same pathway. this is
+    # because certain files may appear as e.g. "xz compressed data" but still
+    # extract into a root filesystem.
+    def _check_recursive(self, fmt):
+        """
+        Unified implementation for checking both "archive" and "compressed"
+        items.
+        """
+        desc = None
+        # perform extraction
+        for module in binwalk.scan(self.item, "-e", "-r", "-y", fmt,
+                                   signature=True, quiet=True):
+            for entry in module.results:
+                # skip cpio/initrd files since they should be included with
+                # kernel
+                # if "cpio archive" in entry.description:
+                #     self.printf(">> Skipping: cpio: %s" % entry.description)
+                #     self.terminate = True
+                #     return True
+                desc = entry.description
+                self.printf(">>>> %s" % entry.description)
+                break
+
+            if module.extractor.directory:
+                unix = Extractor.io_find_rootfs(module.extractor.directory)
+
+                # check for extracted filesystem, otherwise update queue
+                if unix[0]:
+                    self.printf(">>>> Found Linux filesystem in %s!" % unix[1])
+                    if self.output:
+                        shutil.make_archive(self.output, "gztar",
+                                            root_dir=unix[1])
+                    else:
+                        self.extractor.do_rootfs = False
+                    return True
+                else:
+                    count = 0
+                    self.printf(">> Recursing into %s ..." % fmt)
+                    for root, _, files in os.walk(module.extractor.directory):
+                        # sort both descending alphabetical and increasing
+                        # length
+                        files.sort()
+                        files.sort(key=len)
+
+                        # handle case where original file name is restored; put
+                        # it to front of queue
+                        if desc and "original file name:" in desc:
+                            orig = None
+                            for stmt in desc.split(","):
+                                if "original file name:" in stmt:
+                                    orig = stmt.split("\"")[1]
+                            if orig and orig in files:
+                                files.remove(orig)
+                                files.insert(0, orig)
+
+                        for filename in files:
+                            if count > ExtractionItem.RECURSION_BREADTH:
+                                self.printf(">> Skipping: recursion breadth %d"\
+                                    % ExtractionItem.RECURSION_BREADTH)
+                                self.terminate = True
+                                return True
+                            else:
+                                new_item = ExtractionItem(self.extractor,
+                                                          os.path.join(root,
+                                                                       filename),
+                                                          self.depth + 1,
+                                                          self.tag)
+                                if new_item.extract():
+                                    # check that we are actually done before
+                                    # performing early termination. for example,
+                                    # we might decide to skip on one subitem,
+                                    # but we still haven't finished
+                                    if self.update_status():
+                                        return True
+                            count += 1
+        return False
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Extracts filesystem and \
+        kernel from Linux-based firmware images")
+    parser.add_argument("input", action="store", help="Input file or directory")
+    parser.add_argument("output", action="store", nargs="?", default="images",
+                        help="Output directory for extracted firmware")
+    parser.add_argument("-sql ", dest="sql", action="store", default=None,
+                        help="Hostname of SQL server")
+    parser.add_argument("-nf", dest="rootfs", action="store_false",
+                        default=True, help="Disable extraction of root \
+                        filesystem (may decrease extraction time)")
+    parser.add_argument("-nk", dest="kernel", action="store_false",
+                        default=True, help="Disable extraction of kernel \
+                        (may decrease extraction time)")
+    parser.add_argument("-np", dest="parallel", action="store_false",
+                        default=True, help="Disable parallel operation \
+                        (may increase extraction time)")
+    parser.add_argument("-b", dest="brand", action="store", default=None,
+                        help="Brand of the firmware image")
+    result = parser.parse_args()
+
+    extract = Extractor(result.input, result.output, result.rootfs,
+                        result.kernel, result.parallel, result.sql,
+                        result.brand)
+    extract.extract()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

Emulation/firmwalker/README.md

+![logo](https://github.com/craigz28/firmwalker/blob/master/firmwalker-logo.jpg)
+# firmwalker
+A simple bash  script for searching the extracted or mounted firmware file system.
+
+It will search through the extracted or mounted firmware file system for things of interest such as:
+
+* etc/shadow and etc/passwd
+* list out the etc/ssl directory
+* search for SSL related files such as .pem, .crt, etc.
+* search for configuration files
+* look for script files
+* search for other .bin files
+* look for keywords such as admin, password, remote, etc.
+* search for common web servers used on IoT devices
+* search for common binaries such as ssh, tftp, dropbear, etc.
+* search for URLs, email addresses and IP addresses
+* Experimental support for making calls to the Shodan API using the Shodan CLI
+
+## Usage
+* If you wish to use the static code analysis portion of the script, please install eslint: `npm i -g eslint`
+* `./firmwalker {path to root file system} {path for firmwalker.txt}`
+* Example: `./firmwalker linksys/fmk/rootfs ../firmwalker.txt`
+* A file `firmwalker.txt` will be created in the same directory as the script file unless you specify a different filename as the second argument
+* Do not put the firmwalker.sh file inside the directory to be searched, this will cause the script to search itself and the file it is creating
+* `chmod 0700 firmwalker.sh`
+
+## How to extend
+* Have a look under 'data' where the checks live or add eslint rules - http://eslint.org/docs/rules/ to eslintrc.json
+
+## Example Files - https://1drv.ms/f/s!AucQMYXJNefdvGZyeYt16H72VCLv
+* squashfs-root.zip - contains files from random extracted router firmware. Firmwalker can be run against this file system.
+* rt-ac66u.txt - firmwalker output file
+* xc.txt - firmwalker output file from Ubiquiti device 
+### Script created by Craig Smith and expanded by:
+* Athanasios Kostopoulos
+* misterch0c
+
+### Links
+* https://craigsmith.net
+* https://woktime.wordpress.com
+* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Internet_of_Things_Project#tab=Firmware_Analysis

Emulation/firmwalker/data/binaries

+ssh
+sshd
+scp
+sftp
+tftp
+dropbear
+busybox
+telnet
+telnetd
+openssl

Emulation/firmwalker/data/dbfiles

+*.db
+*.sqlite
+*.sqlite3

Emulation/firmwalker/data/files

+*.conf
+*.cfg
+*.ini

Emulation/firmwalker/data/passfiles

+passwd
+shadow
+*.psk

Emulation/firmwalker/data/patterns

+upgrade
+admin
+root
+password
+passwd
+pwd
+dropbear
+ssl
+private key
+telnet
+secret
+pgp
+gpg
+token
+api key
+oauth

Emulation/firmwalker/data/sshfiles

+authorized_keys
+*authorized_keys*
+host_key
+*host_key*
+id_rsa
+*id_rsa*
+id_dsa
+*id_dsa*
+*.pub

Emulation/firmwalker/data/sslfiles

+*.crt
+*.pem
+*.cer
+*.p7b
+*.p12
+*.key

Emulation/firmwalker/data/webservers

+apache
+lighttpd
+alphapd
+httpd

Emulation/firmwalker/eslintrc.json

+{
+    "parserOptions": {
+        "ecmaVersion": 6,
+        "sourceType": "module",
+        "ecmaFeatures": {
+            "jsx": true
+        }
+    },
+
+    "rules": {
+        "no-eval": 2,
+        "no-alert": 2,
+        "no-console": 2
+    }
+}

Emulation/firmwalker/firmwalker.sh

+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+set -u
+
+function usage {
+	echo "Usage:"
+	echo "$0 {path to extracted file system of firmware}\
+ {optional: name of the file to store results - defaults to firmwalker.txt}"
+	echo "Example: ./$0 linksys/fmk/rootfs/"
+	exit 1
+}
+
+function msg {
+    echo "$1" | tee -a $FILE
+}
+
+function getArray {
+    array=() # Create array
+    while IFS= read -r line
+    do
+        array+=("$line")
+    done < "$1"
+}
+
+# Check for arguments
+if [[ $# -gt 2 || $# -lt 1 ]]; then
+    usage
+fi
+
+# Set variables
+FIRMDIR=$1
+if [[ $# -eq 2 ]]; then
+    FILE=$2
+else
+    FILE="firmwalker.txt"
+fi
+# Remove previous file if it exists, is a file and doesn't point somewhere
+if [[ -e "$FILE" && ! -h "$FILE" && -f "$FILE" ]]; then
+    rm -f $FILE
+fi
+
+# Perform searches
+msg "***Firmware Directory***"
+msg $FIRMDIR
+msg "***Search for password files***"
+getArray "data/passfiles"
+passfiles=("${array[@]}")
+for passfile  in "${passfiles[@]}"
+do
+    msg "##################################### $passfile"
+    find $FIRMDIR -name $passfile | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+    msg ""
+done
+msg "***Search for Unix-MD5 hashes***"
+egrep -sro '\$1\$\w{8}\S{23}' $FIRMDIR | tee -a $FILE
+msg ""
+if [[ -d "$FIRMDIR/etc/ssl" ]]; then
+    msg "***List etc/ssl directory***"
+    ls -l $FIRMDIR/etc/ssl | tee -a $FILE
+fi
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for SSL related files***"
+getArray "data/sslfiles"
+sslfiles=("${array[@]}")
+for sslfile in ${sslfiles[@]}
+do
+    msg "##################################### $sslfile"
+    find $FIRMDIR -name $sslfile | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+       certfiles=( $(find ${FIRMDIR} -name ${sslfile}) )
+       : "${certfiles:=empty}"
+       # Perform Shodan search. This assumes Shodan CLI installed with an API key.
+       if [ "${certfiles##*.}" = "pem" ] || [ "${certfiles##*.}" = "crt" ]; then
+          for certfile in "${certfiles[@]}"
+          do
+             serialno=$(openssl x509 -in $certfile -serial -noout) || echo "Incorrect File Content:Continuing"
+             serialnoformat=(ssl.cert.serial:${serialno##*=})
+             if type "shodan" &> /dev/null ; then
+                 shocount=$(shodan count $serialnoformat)
+                 if (( $shocount > 0 )); then
+            		msg "################# Certificate serial # found in Shodan ####################"
+            		echo $certfile | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+            		echo $serialno | tee -a $FILE
+                         	echo "Number of devices found in Shodan =" $shocount | tee -a $FILE
+            		cat $certfile | tee -a $FILE
+            		msg "###########################################################################"
+                 fi
+             else 
+                echo "Shodan cli not found."
+             fi
+          done
+       fi
+    msg ""
+done
+
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for SSH related files***"
+getArray "data/sshfiles"
+sshfiles=("${array[@]}")
+for sshfile in ${sshfiles[@]}
+do
+    msg "##################################### $sshfile"
+    find $FIRMDIR -name $sshfile | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+    msg ""
+done
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for files***"
+getArray "data/files"
+files=("${array[@]}")
+for file in ${files[@]}
+do
+    msg "##################################### $file"
+    find $FIRMDIR -name $file | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+    msg ""
+done
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for database related files***"
+getArray "data/dbfiles"
+dbfiles=("${array[@]}")
+for dbfile in ${dbfiles[@]}
+do
+    msg "##################################### $dbfile"
+    find $FIRMDIR -name $dbfile | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+    msg ""
+done
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for shell scripts***"
+msg "##################################### shell scripts"
+find $FIRMDIR -name "*.sh" | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for other .bin files***"
+msg "##################################### bin files"
+find $FIRMDIR -name "*.bin" | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for patterns in files***"
+getArray "data/patterns"
+patterns=("${array[@]}")
+for pattern in "${patterns[@]}"
+do
+    msg "-------------------- $pattern --------------------"
+    grep -lsirnw $FIRMDIR -e "$pattern" | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+    msg ""
+done
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for web servers***"
+msg "##################################### search for web servers"
+getArray "data/webservers"
+webservers=("${array[@]}")
+for webserver in ${webservers[@]}
+do
+    msg "##################################### $webserver"
+    find $FIRMDIR -name "$webserver" | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+    msg ""
+done
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for important binaries***"
+msg "##################################### important binaries"
+getArray "data/binaries"
+binaries=("${array[@]}")
+for binary in "${binaries[@]}"
+do
+    msg "##################################### $binary"
+    find $FIRMDIR -name "$binary" | cut -c${#FIRMDIR}- | tee -a $FILE
+    msg ""
+done
+
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for ip addresses***"
+msg "##################################### ip addresses"
+grep -sRIEho '\b(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\b' --exclude-dir='dev' $FIRMDIR | sort | uniq | tee -a $FILE
+
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for urls***"
+msg "##################################### urls"
+grep -sRIEoh '(http|https)://[^/"]+' --exclude-dir='dev' $FIRMDIR | sort | uniq | tee -a $FILE
+
+msg ""
+msg "***Search for emails***"
+msg "##################################### emails"
+grep -sRIEoh '([[:alnum:]_.-]+@[[:alnum:]_.-]+?\.[[:alpha:].]{2,6})' "$@" --exclude-dir='dev' $FIRMDIR | sort | uniq | tee -a $FILE
+
+#Perform static code analysis 
+#eslint -c eslintrc.json $FIRMDIR | tee -a $FILE

Emulation/firmwalker/license

+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+                            Preamble
+
+  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works.
+
+  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
+to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
+the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
+share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
+software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
+GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
+any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply it to
+your programs, too.
+
+  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
+want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
+free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
+
+  To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
+these rights or asking you to surrender the rights.  Therefore, you have
+certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
+you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
+
+  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
+gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
+freedoms that you received.  You must make sure that they, too, receive
+or can get the source code.  And you must show them these terms so they
+know their rights.
+
+  Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
+(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
+giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
+
+  For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
+that there is no warranty for this free software.  For both users' and
+authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
+changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
+authors of previous versions.
+
+  Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
+modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
+can do so.  This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
+protecting users' freedom to change the software.  The systematic
+pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
+use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable.  Therefore, we
+have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
+products.  If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
+stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
+of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
+
+  Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
+States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
+software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
+avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
+make it effectively proprietary.  To prevent this, the GPL assures that
+patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
+
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+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

Emulation/firmwalker/resukt.txt

+***Firmware Directory***
+../scratch/1/image
+***Search for password files***
+##################################### passwd
+e/usr/bin/passwd
+e/usr/etc/passwd
+e/tmp/etc/passwd
+
+##################################### shadow
+
+##################################### *.psk
+
+***Search for Unix-MD5 hashes***
+
+
+***Search for SSL related files***
+##################################### *.crt
+e/usr/etc/802_1X/Certificates/client.crt
+
+##################################### *.pem
+e/usr/etc/cert.pem
+e/usr/etc/key.pem
+e/usr/etc/802_1X/CA/cacert.pem
+e/userfs/default_ssl_ca.pem
+
+##################################### *.cer
+
+##################################### *.p7b
+
+##################################### *.p12
+
+##################################### *.key
+e/usr/etc/802_1X/PKEY/client.key
+
+
+***Search for SSH related files***
+##################################### authorized_keys
+
+##################################### *authorized_keys*
+
+##################################### host_key
+
+##################################### *host_key*
+e/usr/etc/dropbear/dropbear_dss_host_key
+e/usr/etc/dropbear/dropbear_rsa_host_key
+
+##################################### id_rsa
+
+##################################### *id_rsa*
+
+##################################### id_dsa
+
+##################################### *id_dsa*
+
+##################################### *.pub
+
+
+***Search for files***
+##################################### *.conf
+e/usr/etc/radvd.conf
+e/usr/etc/usb_modeswitch.conf
+e/usr/etc/bftpd.conf
+e/usr/etc/hwver.conf
+e/usr/etc/resolv_ipv6.conf
+e/usr/etc/dhcp6c.conf
+e/usr/etc/inetd.conf
+e/usr/etc/defaultWan.conf
+e/usr/etc/fwver.conf
+e/usr/etc/minidlna.conf
+e/usr/etc/dhcp6s.conf
+e/usr/etc/igd/portmap.conf
+e/usr/etc/dproxy.conf
+e/usr/etc/fwTCver.conf
+e/usr/etc/resolv.conf
+e/usr/etc/lld2d.conf
+e/usr/etc/devInf.conf
+e/usr/etc/resolv_ipv4.conf
+e/usr/etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
+e/userfs/led.conf
+e/userfs/string2.conf
+e/userfs/string1.conf
+e/boaroot/boa.conf
+
+##################################### *.cfg
+e/userfs/romfile.cfg
+e/userfs/profile.cfg
+e/boaroot/html/romfile.cfg
+
+##################################### *.ini
+
+
+***Search for database related files***
+##################################### *.db
+
+##################################### *.sqlite
+
+##################################### *.sqlite3
+
+
+***Search for shell scripts***
+##################################### shell scripts
+e/usr/script/fw_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wifi_schedule_5g.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6_filter_forward_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_eapinfo_5G.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6_filter_forward_start.sh
+e/usr/script/nat_start.sh
+e/usr/script/restart_boa.sh
+e/usr/script/AppFilterStop.sh
+e/usr/script/urlfilter_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_5G_for_statistics.sh
+e/usr/script/ppp_start.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start_ipv4.sh
+e/usr/script/spi_fw_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/vserver.sh
+e/usr/script/udhcpc.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start_ipv6.sh
+e/usr/script/dslite_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_5G.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6rd_start.sh
+e/usr/script/udhcpc_nodef.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_usb_umount.sh
+e/usr/script/usb_insmod.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_firewall.sh
+e/usr/script/spi_fw_start.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start.sh
+e/usr/script/dmz.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6_acl_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_usbinfo.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_urlfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/before_web_download_remove_wifi.sh
+e/usr/script/br_conf.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_5G_bin_to_flash.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_channelscan_5G.sh
+e/usr/script/before_web_download.sh
+e/usr/script/dongle_dial_off.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_lanhost.sh
+e/usr/script/ipmacfilter_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/samba.sh
+e/usr/script/UrlFilterStop.sh
+e/usr/script/samba_add_dir.sh
+e/usr/script/ipfilter_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/filter_forward_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_dsl_support.sh
+e/usr/script/dlnaOff.sh
+e/usr/script/filter_forward_start.sh
+e/usr/script/channel_period.sh
+e/usr/script/lanAlias_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_cfm.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_klogd.sh
+e/usr/script/ipaddr_mapping.sh
+e/usr/script/ddns_run.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_upnp_scan.sh
+e/usr/script/ntpclient.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_dlna_start.sh
+e/usr/script/dlnaOn.sh
+e/usr/script/settime.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_macfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/lanAlias_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo.sh
+e/usr/script/ipfilter_start.sh
+e/usr/script/acl_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/fw_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_diag.sh
+e/usr/script/ipfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_to_LanHost.sh
+e/usr/script/before_web_upgrade.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wifi_schedule.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_channelscan.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_eapinfo.sh
+e/usr/script/ddns.sh
+e/usr/script/5g_channel_period.sh
+e/usr/script/nat_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/upgrade_firmware.sh
+e/usr/script/before_tr069_download.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_ipfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_fun_lib.sh
+e/usr/script/dongle_dial_on.sh
+e/usr/script/ether_mac.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_usbcheck.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_syslogd.sh
+e/usr/script/urlfilter_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/getnow.sh
+e/usr/etc/8021xaction.sh
+e/usr/etc/igd/igd.sh
+e/usr/etc/ppp/peers/ppp_on_dialer.sh
+e/firmadyne/preInit.sh
+
+***Search for other .bin files***
+##################################### bin files
+e/usr/etc/RT30xxEEPROM.bin
+e/usr/etc/Wireless/RT2860AP_AC/RT30xxEEPROM.bin
+
+***Search for patterns in files***
+-------------------- upgrade --------------------
+e/usr/bin/utelnetd
+e/userfs/string2.conf
+e/userfs/bin/cfg_manager
+e/userfs/bin/ecmh
+e/userfs/bin/boa
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/bin/tftpd
+e/userfs/bin/bftpd
+e/userfs/bin/smbd
+e/userfs/bin/ntfs-3g
+e/userfs/string1.conf
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/localization/en-us.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/MAINTENANCE/mt_firmware.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/de/msg_multipe.js
+
+-------------------- admin --------------------
+e/usr/bin/syslogd
+e/usr/bin/iptables
+e/usr/script/samba.sh
+e/usr/script/samba_add_dir.sh
+e/usr/etc/usertty
+e/usr/etc/passwd
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/userfs/romfile.cfg
+e/userfs/string2.conf
+e/userfs/bin/cfg_manager
+e/userfs/bin/diap
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/bin/ez-ipupdate
+e/userfs/bin/smbpasswd
+e/userfs/bin/smbd
+e/userfs/string1.conf
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/localization/en-us.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/menu.js
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/LanguageFamily/en/mobile_msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/LanguageFamily/de/mobile_msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/LanguageFamily/fr/mobile_msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/it/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/es/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/MAINTENANCE/mt_admin.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/de/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/fr/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/Login.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/mobile/login.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/System.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Admin.asp
+
+-------------------- root --------------------
+e/usr/bin/ip
+e/usr/bin/minidlna
+e/usr/bin/wscd
+e/usr/bin/pppd
+e/usr/bin/tc
+e/usr/bin/iptables
+e/usr/bin/qoscmd
+e/usr/bin/wscd_ac
+e/usr/bin/ip6tables
+e/usr/bin/brctl
+e/usr/etc/bftpd.conf
+e/usr/etc/xml/WFADeviceDesc_ac.xml
+e/usr/etc/usertty
+e/usr/etc/inetd.conf
+e/usr/etc/group
+e/usr/etc/minidlna.conf
+e/usr/etc/passwd
+e/firmadyne/preInit.sh
+e/lib/libebt_stp.so
+e/lib/modules/usbhost/usbcore.ko
+e/lib/libpppoe.so
+e/lib/libsqlite3.so.0.8.6
+e/lib/libavformat.so.53
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/bin/busybox
+e/userfs/bin/dnsmasq
+e/userfs/bin/cfg_manager
+e/userfs/bin/snmpd
+e/userfs/bin/boa
+e/userfs/bin/radvd
+e/userfs/bin/dropbear
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/bin/cfm
+e/userfs/bin/dhcrelay
+e/userfs/bin/smbpasswd
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_supplicant
+e/userfs/bin/pppoe-relay
+e/userfs/bin/bftpd
+e/userfs/bin/smbd
+e/userfs/bin/ntfs-3g
+e/tmp/etc/passwd
+e/boaroot/boa.conf
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/localization/en-us.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/excanvas.js
+e/boaroot/html/scss/_bootstrap/_normalize.scss
+e/boaroot/html/layout/screen.css
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/jquery.min.js
+
+-------------------- password --------------------
+e/usr/sbin/cli
+e/usr/sbin/mfc
+e/usr/bin/pppd
+e/usr/script/ppp_start.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start_ipv4.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start_ipv6.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start.sh
+e/usr/script/ddns.sh
+e/usr/script/dongle_dial_on.sh
+e/usr/etc/bftpd.conf
+e/usr/etc/l7-protocols/aim.pat
+e/usr/etc/ppp/peers/ppp_on_dialer.sh
+e/lib/libmatrixssl.so
+e/lib/libc.so.0
+e/lib/modules/mt7662e_ap.ko
+e/lib/modules/mt7603eap.ko
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/bin/busybox
+e/userfs/romfile.cfg
+e/userfs/string2.conf
+e/userfs/bin/snmpd
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_cli
+e/userfs/bin/dropbear
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/bin/ez-ipupdate
+e/userfs/bin/smbpasswd
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_supplicant
+e/userfs/bin/bftpd
+e/userfs/bin/smbd
+e/userfs/string1.conf
+e/boaroot/boa.conf
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/localization/en-us.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/comm.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/libajax.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/Internet_auto.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/Internet_setup_hidden.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/Internet_setup.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/Internet_3g.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Advanced/Tr069.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/jquery.validate.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/jquery-1.8.2.min.js
+e/boaroot/html/scss/_bootstrap/_forms.scss
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.js
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/LanguageFamily/it/mobile_msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/LanguageFamily/en/mobile_msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/LanguageFamily/fr/mobile_msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/mobile/jquery.min.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/it/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/ADVANCED/ad_wireless.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/ADVANCED/ad_dynamic_dns.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/ADVANCED/ad_wireless_wizard.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/ADVANCED/ad_tr069.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/MAINTENANCE/mt_admin.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/msg_comm.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/SETUP/l_wan_wizard.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/SETUP/sp_wan.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/New_GUI/Settings/Internet_auto.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/New_GUI/Settings/WiFi.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/New_GUI/Settings/Internet_setup.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/public/__wan_adv.js
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/get/New_GUI/Internet_setup.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/get/New_GUI/Internet_auto.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/get/New_GUI/Internet_3g.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/get/New_GUI/wizard_pppoa.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/get/New_GUI/wizard_ppp.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/Login.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/mobile/login.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_setup.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Tr069.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Set/wizard_ppp_setting.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Set/DynamicDNS.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Set/wizard_pppoa_setting.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Set/Admin.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Set/wizard_wan_setting.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_auto_loading.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_auto.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/WiFi.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_auto_hidden.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_setup_hidden.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Wizard_Manual.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_3g_loading.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_adsl_loading.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/DynamicDNS.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Internet_3g.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Admin.asp
+
+-------------------- passwd --------------------
+e/usr/bin/pppd
+e/usr/script/samba.sh
+e/usr/etc/bftpd.conf
+e/usr/etc/services
+e/lib/libc.so.0
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/bin/busybox
+e/userfs/romfile.cfg
+e/userfs/string2.conf
+e/userfs/bin/cfg_manager
+e/userfs/bin/snmpd
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/bin/ez-ipupdate
+e/userfs/bin/bftpd
+e/userfs/bin/smbd
+e/userfs/string1.conf
+e/boaroot/boa.conf
+
+-------------------- pwd --------------------
+e/usr/etc/ppp/peers/ppp_on_dialer.sh
+e/lib/libc.so.0
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/bin/busybox
+e/userfs/bin/boa
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/bin/pppoe-relay
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/Login.asp
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/mobile/login.asp
+
+-------------------- dropbear --------------------
+e/usr/script/before_web_download_remove_wifi.sh
+e/usr/script/before_web_download.sh
+e/usr/script/before_tr069_download.sh
+e/userfs/bin/cfg_manager
+e/userfs/bin/dropbear
+
+-------------------- ssl --------------------
+e/usr/etc/services
+e/lib/libmatrixssl.so
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/userfs/bin/snmpd
+e/userfs/bin/boa
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_supplicant
+e/boaroot/html/graphic/New_GUI/router-setup-prefiltered.jpg
+
+-------------------- private key --------------------
+e/usr/etc/key.pem
+e/usr/etc/802_1X/PKEY/client.key
+e/lib/libmatrixssl.so
+e/lib/modules/mt7662e_ap.ko
+e/userfs/bin/snmpd
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_cli
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_supplicant
+
+-------------------- telnet --------------------
+e/usr/bin/tcci
+e/usr/script/ipv6_acl_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/acl_stop.sh
+e/usr/etc/inetd.conf
+e/usr/etc/services
+e/usr/etc/igd/portmap.conf
+e/usr/etc/init.d/rcS
+e/userfs/romfile.cfg
+e/userfs/string2.conf
+e/userfs/bin/cfg_manager
+e/userfs/bin/tr69
+e/userfs/string1.conf
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/MacList.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/it/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/es/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/ADVANCED/ad_virtual_server.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/ADVANCED/ad_dmz.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/de/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/fr/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Acl.asp
+
+-------------------- secret --------------------
+e/usr/bin/pppd
+e/lib/modules/mt7662e_ap.ko
+e/lib/libavformat.so.53
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/userfs/string2.conf
+e/userfs/bin/rtacdot1xd
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_supplicant
+e/userfs/bin/dhcp6s
+e/userfs/bin/rtdot1xd
+e/userfs/bin/dhcp6c
+e/userfs/string1.conf
+e/boaroot/boa.conf
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/WiFi_multiple_settings.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/WiFi_multiple_settings_ac.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/WiFi.js
+e/boaroot/html/js/New_GUI/Settings/WiFi_ac.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/ADVANCED/ad_wireless.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/New_GUI/Settings/WiFi.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/en/msg_multipe.js
+e/boaroot/html/LanguageFamily/fr/msg_multipe.js
+
+-------------------- pgp --------------------
+e/usr/etc/services
+e/lib/libiconv.so.2.2.0
+e/lib/modules/tc3162_dmt.ko
+
+-------------------- gpg --------------------
+e/usr/etc/services
+e/lib/libiconv.so.2.2.0
+
+-------------------- token --------------------
+e/usr/bin/pppd
+e/usr/bin/tc
+e/lib/modules/mt7662e_ap.ko
+e/lib/libsqlite3.so.0.8.6
+e/lib/libbigballofmud.so
+e/bin/busybox
+e/userfs/bin/snmpd
+e/userfs/bin/radvd
+e/userfs/bin/dhcrelay
+e/userfs/bin/wpa_supplicant
+e/userfs/bin/smbd
+e/userfs/bin/iwlist
+e/userfs/bin/nmbd
+
+-------------------- api key --------------------
+
+-------------------- oauth --------------------
+
+
+***Search for web servers***
+##################################### search for web servers
+##################################### apache
+
+##################################### lighttpd
+
+##################################### alphapd
+
+##################################### httpd
+
+
+***Search for important binaries***
+##################################### important binaries
+##################################### ssh
+
+##################################### sshd
+
+##################################### scp
+
+##################################### sftp
+
+##################################### tftp
+e/usr/bin/tftp
+
+##################################### dropbear
+e/usr/etc/dropbear
+e/userfs/bin/dropbear
+
+##################################### busybox
+e/bin/busybox
+
+##################################### telnet
+
+##################################### telnetd
+
+##################################### openssl
+
+
+***Search for ip addresses***
+##################################### ip addresses
+0.0.0.0
+0.93.17.2
+1.0.0.0
+10.0.0.1
+10.128.32.112
+10.128.32.12
+10.38.0.5
+10.64.64.64
+11.0.0.0
+1.1.1.1
+1.1.1.2
+11.127.255.255
+11.255.255.255
+122.193.99.166
+127.0.0.0
+127.0.0.1
+128.0.0.1
+128.255.255.254
+129.1.0.0
+129.1.255.255
+1.3.6.1
+136.16.0.1
+136.32.255.254
+142.64.0.1
+142.64.255.255
+168.95.1.1
+168.95.1.2
+192.0.0.1
+192.168.0.1
+192.168.1.1
+192.168.1.2
+192.168.1.200
+192.168.168.100
+192.168.2.1
+192.168.2.3
+192.168.5.234
+192.168.7.203
+192.255.255.254
+192.68.0.5
+193.1.1.0
+193.1.1.255
+200.16.32.1
+224.0.0.0
+224.0.0.1
+239.0.0.1
+240.0.0.1
+254.0.0.1
+254.0.0.10
+255.255.0.0
+255.255.255.0
+255.255.255.253
+255.255.255.255
+2.6.22.15
+3.10.0.24
+5.44.82.100
+5.44.82.200
+58.211.230.102
+69.252.80.66
+7.0.1.0
+7.3.94.4
+
+***Search for urls***
+##################################### urls
+http://192.168.0.1
+http://192.168.1.1
+http://a11yproject.com
+http://api.jqueryui.com
+http://bassistance.de
+http://dcms.dlink.com.tw
+http://developer.mozilla.org
+http://dev.rgraph.net
+http://docs.jquery.com
+http://elsewhere
+http://ethereal.com
+http://getbootstrap.com
+http://gridley.res.carleton.edu
+http://jquery.org
+http://jqueryui.com
+http://localhost
+http://msnpiki.msnfanatic.com
+http://nicolasgallagher.com
+https://github.com
+https://' : 'http:
+https://oiwifi.register.fon.com
+http://stubbornella.org
+https://www.mydlink.com
+http://<%TCWebApi_get(
+http://timkadlec.com
+http://true
+http://webfx.eae.net
+http://www.apache.org
+http://www.bulgaria-web-developers.com
+http://www.dlink.com
+http://www.dyndns.org) or no-ip.com (http:
+http://www.gnu.org
+http://www.hypothetic.org
+http://www.iana.org
+http://www.macromedia.com
+http://www.madiatek.com
+http://www.mediatek.com
+http://www.mediatek.com<
+http://www.opensource.org
+http://www.protocolinfo.org
+http://www.rgraph.net
+http://www.rgraph.net                               |
+http://www.rtsp.org - RFC 2326
+http://www.venkydude.com
+http://www.w3c.org
+http://www.w3.org
+http://www.whatwg.org
+http://yahoo.com
+
+***Search for emails***
+##################################### emails
+ca@email.com
+client@email.com
+didier@raboud.com
+ppp@A1plus.at
+quadong@hotmail.com
+someone@somewhere.org
+Tim@Rikers.org
+webppp@a1plus.at
+web@telering.at
+william.gregory@talktalkplc.com

Emulation/firmwalker/result.txt

+/usr/script/fw_start.sh/usr/script/alpha_wifi_schedule_5g.sh/usr/script/ipv6_filter_forward_stop.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_eapinfo_5G.sh/usr/script/ipv6_filter_forward_start.sh/usr/script/nat_start.sh/usr/script/restart_boa.sh/usr/script/AppFilterStop.sh/usr/script/urlfilter_start.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_5G_for_statistics.sh/usr/script/ppp_start.sh/usr/script/wan_start_ipv4.sh/usr/script/spi_fw_stop.sh/usr/script/vserver.sh/usr/script/udhcpc.sh/usr/script/wan_start_ipv6.sh/usr/script/dslite_start.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_5G.sh/usr/script/ipv6rd_start.sh/usr/script/udhcpc_nodef.sh/usr/script/alpha_usb_umount.sh/usr/script/usb_insmod.sh/usr/script/alpha_firewall.sh/usr/script/spi_fw_start.sh/usr/script/wan_start.sh/usr/script/dmz.sh/usr/script/ipv6_acl_stop.sh/usr/script/alpha_usbinfo.sh/usr/script/alpha_urlfilter.sh/usr/script/before_web_download_remove_wifi.sh/usr/script/br_conf.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_5G_bin_to_flash.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_channelscan_5G.sh/usr/script/before_web_download.sh/usr/script/dongle_dial_off.sh/usr/script/alpha_lanhost.sh/usr/script/ipmacfilter_stop.sh/usr/script/samba.sh/usr/script/UrlFilterStop.sh/usr/script/samba_add_dir.sh/usr/script/ipfilter_stop.sh/usr/script/filter_forward_stop.sh/usr/script/alpha_dsl_support.sh/usr/script/dlnaOff.sh/usr/script/filter_forward_start.sh/usr/script/channel_period.sh/usr/script/lanAlias_stop.sh/usr/script/alpha_cfm.sh/usr/script/alpha_klogd.sh/usr/script/ipaddr_mapping.sh/usr/script/ddns_run.sh/usr/script/alpha_upnp_scan.sh/usr/script/ntpclient.sh/usr/script/alpha_dlna_start.sh/usr/script/dlnaOn.sh/usr/script/settime.sh/usr/script/alpha_macfilter.sh/usr/script/lanAlias_start.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo.sh/usr/script/ipfilter_start.sh/usr/script/acl_stop.sh/usr/script/fw_stop.sh/usr/script/alpha_diag.sh/usr/script/ipfilter.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_to_LanHost.sh/usr/script/before_web_upgrade.sh/usr/script/alpha_wifi_schedule.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_channelscan.sh/usr/script/alpha_wireless_eapinfo.sh/usr/script/ddns.sh/usr/script/5g_channel_period.sh/usr/script/nat_stop.sh/usr/script/upgrade_firmware.sh/usr/script/before_tr069_download.sh/usr/script/alpha_ipfilter.sh/usr/script/alpha_fun_lib.sh/usr/script/dongle_dial_on.sh/usr/script/ether_mac.sh/usr/script/alpha_usbcheck.sh/usr/script/wan_stop.sh/usr/script/alpha_syslogd.sh/usr/script/urlfilter_stop.sh/usr/script/getnow.sh/usr/etc/8021xaction.sh/usr/etc/igd/igd.sh/usr/etc/ppp/peers/ppp_on_dialer.sh/firmadyne/preInit.sh
\ No newline at end of file

Emulation/firmwalker/str_gen.py

+
+
+
+text='''
+e/usr/script/fw_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wifi_schedule_5g.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6_filter_forward_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_eapinfo_5G.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6_filter_forward_start.sh
+e/usr/script/nat_start.sh
+e/usr/script/restart_boa.sh
+e/usr/script/AppFilterStop.sh
+e/usr/script/urlfilter_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_5G_for_statistics.sh
+e/usr/script/ppp_start.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start_ipv4.sh
+e/usr/script/spi_fw_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/vserver.sh
+e/usr/script/udhcpc.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start_ipv6.sh
+e/usr/script/dslite_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_5G.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6rd_start.sh
+e/usr/script/udhcpc_nodef.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_usb_umount.sh
+e/usr/script/usb_insmod.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_firewall.sh
+e/usr/script/spi_fw_start.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_start.sh
+e/usr/script/dmz.sh
+e/usr/script/ipv6_acl_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_usbinfo.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_urlfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/before_web_download_remove_wifi.sh
+e/usr/script/br_conf.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_5G_bin_to_flash.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_channelscan_5G.sh
+e/usr/script/before_web_download.sh
+e/usr/script/dongle_dial_off.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_lanhost.sh
+e/usr/script/ipmacfilter_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/samba.sh
+e/usr/script/UrlFilterStop.sh
+e/usr/script/samba_add_dir.sh
+e/usr/script/ipfilter_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/filter_forward_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_dsl_support.sh
+e/usr/script/dlnaOff.sh
+e/usr/script/filter_forward_start.sh
+e/usr/script/channel_period.sh
+e/usr/script/lanAlias_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_cfm.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_klogd.sh
+e/usr/script/ipaddr_mapping.sh
+e/usr/script/ddns_run.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_upnp_scan.sh
+e/usr/script/ntpclient.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_dlna_start.sh
+e/usr/script/dlnaOn.sh
+e/usr/script/settime.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_macfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/lanAlias_start.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo.sh
+e/usr/script/ipfilter_start.sh
+e/usr/script/acl_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/fw_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_diag.sh
+e/usr/script/ipfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_stainfo_to_LanHost.sh
+e/usr/script/before_web_upgrade.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wifi_schedule.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_channelscan.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_wireless_eapinfo.sh
+e/usr/script/ddns.sh
+e/usr/script/5g_channel_period.sh
+e/usr/script/nat_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/upgrade_firmware.sh
+e/usr/script/before_tr069_download.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_ipfilter.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_fun_lib.sh
+e/usr/script/dongle_dial_on.sh
+e/usr/script/ether_mac.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_usbcheck.sh
+e/usr/script/wan_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/alpha_syslogd.sh
+e/usr/script/urlfilter_stop.sh
+e/usr/script/getnow.sh
+e/usr/etc/8021xaction.sh
+e/usr/etc/igd/igd.sh
+e/usr/etc/ppp/peers/ppp_on_dialer.sh
+e/firmadyne/preInit.sh
+'''
+
+if __name__ =='__main__':
+	with open("result.txt", "w")as file:
+		for line in text.split():
+			file.write(line[1:])

Emulation/reset.py

+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import pexpect
+import os.path
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+
+config = ConfigParser()
+config.read("emu.config")
+firmadyne_path = config["DEFAULT"].get("path", "")
+sudo_pass = config["DEFAULT"].get("sudo_password", "")
+
+print ("[+] Cleaning previous images and created files by firmadyne")
+child = pexpect.spawn("/bin/sh" , ["-c", "sudo rm -rf " + os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "images/*.tar.gz")])
+child.sendline(sudo_pass)
+child.expect_exact(pexpect.EOF)
+
+child = pexpect.spawn("/bin/sh", ["-c", "sudo rm -rf " + os.path.join(firmadyne_path, "scratch/*")])
+child.sendline(sudo_pass)
+child.expect_exact(pexpect.EOF)
+print ("[+] All done. Go ahead and run emu.py to continue firmware analysis")

Emulation/scripts/delete.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <image ID>"
+    echo "This script deletes a whole project"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+#Check that no qemu is running:
+echo "checking the process table for a running qemu instance ..."
+PID=`ps -ef | grep qemu | grep "${IID}" | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'`
+if ! [ -z $PID ]; then
+    echo "killing process ${PID}"
+    sudo kill -9 ${PID}
+fi
+
+PID1=`ps -ef | grep "${IID}\/run.sh" | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'`
+if ! [ -z $PID1 ]; then
+    echo "killing process ${PID1}"
+    sudo kill ${PID1}
+fi
+
+#Check that nothing is mounted:
+echo "In case the filesystem is mounted, umount it now ..."
+sudo ./scripts/umount.sh ${IID}
+
+#Check network config
+echo "In case the network is configured, reconfigure it now ..."
+for i in 0 .. 4; do
+    sudo ifconfig tap${IID}_${i} down
+    sudo tunctl -d tap${IID}_${i}
+done
+
+#Cleanup database:
+echo "Remove the database entries ..."
+psql -d firmware -U firmadyne -h 127.0.0.1 -t -q -c "DELETE from image WHERE id=${IID};"
+
+#Cleanup filesystem:
+echo "Clean up the file system ..."
+if [ -f "/tmp/qemu.${IID}*" ]; then
+    sudo rm /tmp/qemu.${IID}*
+fi
+
+if [ -f ./images/${IID}.tar.gz ]; then
+    sudo rm ./images/${IID}.tar.gz
+fi
+
+if [ -f ./images/${IID}.kernel ]; then
+    sudo rm ./images/${IID}.kernel
+fi
+
+if [ -d ./scratch/${IID}/ ]; then
+    sudo rm -r ./scratch/${IID}/
+fi
+
+echo "Done. Removed project ID ${IID}."

Emulation/scripts/env.config

+#!/bin/bash
+#The paths of the directories are specified here
+
+ROOT_DIR="$HOME"
+
+HOME_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/Desktop/EmuFuzz/Emulation"
+
+export EMU_DIR=$HOME_DIR
+
+export WORK_DIR="$HOME_DIR/scratch"
+
+export KERNEL_DIR="$HOME_DIR/source/Kernel-mips/build"
+
+export KERNEL_DIR_ARMEL="$HOME_DIR/source/Kernel-armel/build"
+
+export LIB_DIR="$HOME_DIR/source/LIB"
+
+export SCRIPT_DIR="$HOME_DIR/scripts"
+
+export TARBALL_DIR="$HOME_DIR/images"

Emulation/scripts/fixImage.sh

+#!/bin/sh
+
+# use busybox statically-compiled version of all binaries
+BUSYBOX="/busybox"
+
+# print input if not symlink, otherwise attempt to resolve symlink
+resolve_link() {
+    TARGET=$($BUSYBOX readlink $1)
+    if [ -z "$TARGET" ]; then
+        echo "$1"
+    fi
+    echo "$TARGET"
+}
+
+# make /etc and add some essential files
+mkdir -p "$(resolve_link /etc)"
+if [ ! -s /etc/TZ ]; then
+    echo "Creating /etc/TZ!"
+    mkdir -p "$(dirname $(resolve_link /etc/TZ))"
+    echo "EST5EDT" > "$(resolve_link /etc/TZ)"
+fi
+
+if [ ! -s /etc/hosts ]; then
+    echo "Creating /etc/hosts!"
+    mkdir -p "$(dirname $(resolve_link /etc/hosts))"
+    echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" > "$(resolve_link /etc/hosts)"
+fi
+
+if [ ! -s /etc/passwd ]; then
+    echo "Creating /etc/passwd!"
+    mkdir -p "$(dirname $(resolve_link /etc/passwd))"
+    echo "root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh" > "$(resolve_link /etc/passwd)"
+fi
+
+# make /dev and add default device nodes if current /dev does not have greater
+# than 5 device nodes
+mkdir -p "$(resolve_link /dev)"
+FILECOUNT="$($BUSYBOX find ${WORKDIR}/dev -maxdepth 1 -type b -o -type c -print | $BUSYBOX wc -l)"
+if [ $FILECOUNT -lt "5" ]; then
+    echo "Warning: Recreating device nodes!"
+
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/mem c 1 1
+    mknod -m 640 /dev/kmem c 1 2
+    mknod -m 666 /dev/null c 1 3
+    mknod -m 666 /dev/zero c 1 5
+    mknod -m 444 /dev/random c 1 8
+    mknod -m 444 /dev/urandom c 1 9
+    mknod -m 666 /dev/armem c 1 13
+
+    mknod -m 666 /dev/tty c 5 0
+    mknod -m 622 /dev/console c 5 1
+    mknod -m 666 /dev/ptmx c 5 2
+
+    mknod -m 622 /dev/tty0 c 4 0
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS2 c 4 66
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS3 c 4 67
+
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/adsl0 c 100 0
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/ppp c 108 0
+    mknod -m 666 /dev/hidraw0 c 251 0
+
+    mkdir -p /dev/mtd
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/0 c 90 0
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/1 c 90 2
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/2 c 90 4
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/3 c 90 6
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/4 c 90 8
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/5 c 90 10
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/6 c 90 12
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/7 c 90 14
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/8 c 90 16
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/9 c 90 18
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd/10 c 90 20
+
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd0 c 90 0
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr0 c 90 1
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd1 c 90 2
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr1 c 90 3
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd2 c 90 4
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr2 c 90 5
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd3 c 90 6
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr3 c 90 7
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd4 c 90 8
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr4 c 90 9
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd5 c 90 10
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr5 c 90 11
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd6 c 90 12
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr6 c 90 13
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd7 c 90 14
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr7 c 90 15
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd8 c 90 16
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr8 c 90 17
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd9 c 90 18
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr9 c 90 19
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtd10 c 90 20
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdr10 c 90 21
+
+    mkdir -p /dev/mtdblock
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/0 b 31 0
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/1 b 31 1
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/2 b 31 2
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/3 b 31 3
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/4 b 31 4
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/5 b 31 5
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/6 b 31 6
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/7 b 31 7
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/8 b 31 8
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/9 b 31 9
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock/10 b 31 10
+
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock0 b 31 0
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock1 b 31 1
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock2 b 31 2
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock3 b 31 3
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock4 b 31 4
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock5 b 31 5
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock6 b 31 6
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock7 b 31 7
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock8 b 31 8
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock9 b 31 9
+    mknod -m 644 /dev/mtdblock10 b 31 10
+
+    mkdir -p /dev/tts
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/tts/0 c 4 64
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/tts/1 c 4 65
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/tts/2 c 4 66
+    mknod -m 660 /dev/tts/3 c 4 67
+fi
+
+# create a gpio file required for linksys to make the watchdog happy
+if ($BUSYBOX grep -sq "/dev/gpio/in" /bin/gpio) ||
+  ($BUSYBOX grep -sq "/dev/gpio/in" /usr/lib/libcm.so) ||
+  ($BUSYBOX grep -sq "/dev/gpio/in" /usr/lib/libshared.so); then
+    echo "Creating /dev/gpio/in!"
+    mkdir -p /dev/gpio
+    echo -ne "\xff\xff\xff\xff" > /dev/gpio/in
+fi
+
+# prevent system from rebooting
+#echo "Removing /sbin/reboot!"
+#rm -f /sbin/reboot
+echo "Removing /etc/scripts/sys_resetbutton!"
+rm -f /etc/scripts/sys_resetbutton
+
+# add some default nvram entries
+if $BUSYBOX grep -sq "ipv6_6to4_lan_ip" /sbin/rc; then
+    echo "Creating default ipv6_6to4_lan_ip!"
+    echo -n "2002:7f00:0001::" > /firmadyne/libnvram.override/ipv6_6to4_lan_ip
+fi
+
+if $BUSYBOX grep -sq "time_zone_x" /lib/libacos_shared.so; then
+    echo "Creating default time_zone_x!"
+    echo -n "0" > /firmadyne/libnvram.override/time_zone_x
+fi
+
+if $BUSYBOX grep -sq "rip_multicast" /usr/sbin/httpd; then
+    echo "Creating default rip_multicast!"
+    echo -n "0" > /firmadyne/libnvram.override/rip_multicast
+fi
+
+if $BUSYBOX grep -sq "bs_trustedip_enable" /usr/sbin/httpd; then
+    echo "Creating default bs_trustedip_enable!"
+    echo -n "0" > /firmadyne/libnvram.override/bs_trustedip_enable
+fi
+
+if $BUSYBOX grep -sq "filter_rule_tbl" /usr/sbin/httpd; then
+    echo "Creating default filter_rule_tbl!"
+    echo -n "" > /firmadyne/libnvram.override/filter_rule_tbl
+fi
+
+if $BUSYBOX grep -sq "rip_enable" /sbin/acos_service; then
+    echo "Creating default rip_enable!"
+    echo -n "0" > /firmadyne/libnvram.override/rip_enable
+fi

Emulation/scripts/getArch.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+
+function getArch() {
+    if (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "MIPS64")
+    then
+        ARCH="mips64"
+    elif (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "MIPS")
+    then
+        ARCH="mips"
+    elif (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "ARM64")
+    then
+        ARCH="arm64"
+    elif (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "ARM")
+    then
+        ARCH="arm"
+    elif (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "Intel 80386")
+    then
+        ARCH="intel"
+    elif (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "x86-64")
+    then
+        ARCH="intel64"
+    elif (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "PowerPC")
+    then
+        ARCH="ppc"
+    else
+        ARCH=""
+    fi
+}
+
+function getEndian() {
+    if (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "LSB")
+    then
+        END="el"
+    elif (echo ${FILETYPE} | grep -q "MSB")
+    then
+        END="eb"
+    else
+        END=""
+    fi
+}
+
+INFILE=${1}
+BASE=$(basename "$1")
+IID=${BASE%.tar.gz}
+
+mkdir -p "/tmp/${IID}"
+
+set +e
+FILES="$(tar -tf $INFILE | grep -e "/busybox\$") "
+FILES+="$(tar -tf $INFILE | grep -E "/sbin/[[:alpha:]]+")"
+FILES+="$(tar -tf $INFILE | grep -E "/bin/[[:alpha:]]+")"
+set -e
+
+for TARGET in ${FILES}
+do
+    SKIP=$(echo "${TARGET}" | fgrep -o / | wc -l)
+    tar -xf "${INFILE}" -C "/tmp/${IID}/" --strip-components=${SKIP} ${TARGET}
+    TARGETLOC="/tmp/$IID/${TARGET##*/}"
+
+    if [ -h ${TARGETLOC} ] || [ ! -f ${TARGETLOC} ]
+    then
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    FILETYPE=$(file ${TARGETLOC})
+
+    echo -n "${TARGET}: "
+    getArch
+    getEndian
+
+    if [ -n "${ARCH}" ] && [ -n "${END}" ]
+    then
+    #     ARCHEND=${ARCH}${END}
+    #     echo ${ARCHEND}
+
+    #     #psql -d firmware -U firmadyne -h 127.0.0.1 -q -c "UPDATE image SET arch = '$ARCHEND' WHERE id = $IID;"
+
+    #     rm -fr "/tmp/${IID}"
+    #     exit 0
+    # else
+        echo -n ${ARCH}
+        echo ${END}
+    fi
+done
+
+rm -fr "/tmp/${IID}"
+
+exit 1

Emulation/scripts/inferNetwork.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+source scripts/env.config
+
+
+
+IID=${1}
+ARCH=${2}
+
+WORK_DIR="${WORK_DIR}/${IID}"
+if [ "$ARCH" == "mipseb" ]; then
+    cp "${KERNEL_DIR}/${ARCH}/vmlinux" "${WORK_DIR}/vmlinux"
+    chmod a+x "${WORK_DIR}/vmlinux"
+elif [ "$ARCH" == "mipsel" ]; then
+    cp "${KERNEL_DIR}/${ARCH}/vmlinux" "${WORK_DIR}/vmlinux"
+    chmod a+x "${WORK_DIR}/vmlinux"
+elif [ "$ARCH" == "armel" ]; then
+    cp "${KERNEL_DIR_ARMEL}/${ARCH}/arch/arm/boot/zImage" "${WORK_DIR}/zImage"
+    chmod a+x "${WORK_DIR}/zImage"
+else
+    echo "Unsupported architecture"
+fi
+
+echo "Running firmware ${IID}: terminating after 60 secs..."
+timeout --preserve-status --signal SIGINT 60 "${SCRIPT_DIR}/run.${ARCH}.sh" "${IID}" "${ARCH}"
+sleep 1
+
+echo "Inferring network..."
+"${SCRIPT_DIR}/makeNetwork.py" -i "${IID}" -q -o -a "${ARCH}" -S "${WORK_DIR}"
+
+echo "Done!"

Emulation/scripts/kernelinfo_gdb/README.md

+# Kernel Information Module via gdb
+
+First. Go read the normal kernelinfo [readme](https://github.com/panda-re/panda/blob/master/panda/plugins/osi_linux/utils/kernelinfo/README.md).
+
+## Requirements
+
+- GDB 8 or above. This is needed for the GDB API to support `gdb.execute(to_string=True)`.
+- Python 3.6 or above. This is to support fstrings.
+- A kernel vmlinux file for linux 3.0.0 or later that is *not stripped and has debug symbols*.
+
+## Where does this apply?
+
+Kernels with debug symbols. Likely one that you built. If it's stripped go back to the other method.
+
+Example: `vmlinux: ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS32 rel2 version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, BuildID[sha1]=181ca40a44bef701cf0559b185180053a152029d, with debug_info, not stripped`
+
+
+## How does this work?
+
+This crux of this is python script run inside of gdb to gather DWARF symbols.
+
+That script creates a command `kernel_info` which runs a bunch of GDB commands to gather information from the DWARF symbols and output it.
+ 
+## How do I use it?
+
+Run `run.sh` with a vmlinux and an output file.
+`./run.sh vmlinux file.out`
+
+Alternatively, 
+- start up gdb on the `vmlinux` file: `gdb ./vmlinux`
+- load our python script: `source extract_kernelinfo.py`
+- run our python script: `kernel_info output.file`
+- quit: `q`
+
+

Emulation/scripts/kernelinfo_gdb/extract_kernelinfo.py

+import gdb
+import sys
+import re
+
+file_out = sys.stdout
+
+
+def print_size(structv, cfgmemb, cfgname):
+    size = gdb.execute(f'printf "%u",(size_t) sizeof({structv})',to_string=True)
+    print(f"{cfgname}.{cfgmemb} = {size}",file=file_out)
+
+def print_offset(structp, memb, cfgname):
+    offset = gdb.execute(f'printf "%d",(int)&(({structp}*)0)->{memb}',to_string=True)
+    print(f"{cfgname}.{memb}_offset = {offset}",file=file_out)
+
+def print_offset_from_member(structp, memb_base, memb_dest, cfgname):
+    offset = gdb.execute(f'printf "%lld", (int64_t)&(({structp})*0)->{memb_dest} - (int64_t)&(({structp})*0)->{memb_base}',to_string=True)
+    print(f"{cfgname}.{memb_dest}_offset = {offset}",file=file_out)
+
+def get_symbol_as_string(name):
+    return gdb.execute(f'printf "%s",{name}',to_string=True)
+
+class KernelInfo(gdb.Command):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(KernelInfo, self).__init__("kernel_info", gdb.COMMAND_DATA)
+
+    def invoke(self, arg, from_tty):
+        global file_out
+        if arg:
+            file_out = open(arg, "w+")  
+            print(f"Printing output to {arg}") 
+        print(f"[kernelinfo]",file=file_out)
+        uts_release = get_symbol_as_string("init_uts_ns->name->release")
+        uts_version = get_symbol_as_string("init_uts_ns->name->version")
+        uts_machine = get_symbol_as_string("init_uts_ns->name->machine")
+        print(f"name = {uts_release}|{uts_version}|{uts_machine}",file=file_out)
+        release = get_symbol_as_string("init_uts_ns->name->release")
+        versions = release.split(".")
+        # version.c can have a bunch of junk - just extract a number
+        versions[2] = re.search("\d+",versions[2]).group(0)
+        print(f"version.a = {versions[0]}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"version.b = {versions[1]}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"version.c = {versions[2]}",file=file_out)
+
+        # TODO: we should use this to generate the file. See issue 651
+        print(f"#arch  = {uts_machine}", file=file_out)
+        try:
+            per_cpu_offset_addr = gdb.execute('printf "%llu", &__per_cpu_offset',to_string=True)
+            per_cpu_offset_0_addr = gdb.execute('printf "%llu", __per_cpu_offset[0]',to_string=True)
+        except:
+            # This should be an arch-specific requirement, arm/mips don't have it (#651)
+            assert("x86" not in uts_machine), "Failed to find __per_cpu_offset_data"
+            per_cpu_offset_addr = 0
+            per_cpu_offset_0_addr = 0
+        print(f"task.per_cpu_offsets_addr = {per_cpu_offset_addr}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"task.per_cpu_offset_0_addr = {per_cpu_offset_0_addr}",file=file_out)
+        
+        
+        init_task_addr = gdb.execute('printf "%llu", &init_task',to_string=True)
+        # current_task is only an x86 thing
+        # It's defined in /arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
+        if "x86" in uts_machine:
+            current_task_addr = gdb.execute('printf "%llu", &current_task',to_string=True)
+        else:
+            current_task_addr = init_task_addr
+
+        print(f"task.current_task_addr = {current_task_addr}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"task.init_addr = {init_task_addr}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"#task.per_cpu_offsets_addr = {hex(int(per_cpu_offset_addr))[2:]}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"#task.per_cpu_offset_0_addr = {hex(int(per_cpu_offset_0_addr))}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"#task.current_task_addr = {hex(int(current_task_addr))}",file=file_out)
+        print(f"#task.init_addr = {hex(int(init_task_addr))}",file=file_out)
+
+        print_size("struct task_struct",                "size",         "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "tasks",            "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "pid",          "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "tgid",         "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "group_leader", "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "thread_group", "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "real_parent",  "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "parent",           "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "mm",               "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "stack",            "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "real_cred",        "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "cred",         "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "comm",         "task");
+        print_size("((struct task_struct*)0)->comm",    "comm_size",    "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "files",            "task");
+        print_offset("struct task_struct",      "start_time",           "task");
+        print_offset("struct cred",             "uid",          "cred");
+        print_offset("struct cred",             "gid",          "cred");
+        print_offset("struct cred",             "euid",         "cred");
+        print_offset("struct cred",             "egid",         "cred");
+        print_size("struct mm_struct",          "size",         "mm");
+        print_offset("struct mm_struct",            "mmap",         "mm");
+        print_offset("struct mm_struct",            "pgd",          "mm");
+        print_offset("struct mm_struct",            "arg_start",        "mm");
+        print_offset("struct mm_struct",            "start_brk",        "mm");
+        print_offset("struct mm_struct",            "brk",          "mm");
+        print_offset("struct mm_struct",            "start_stack",  "mm");
+
+        print_size("struct vm_area_struct",     "size",         "vma");
+        print_offset("struct vm_area_struct",       "vm_mm",            "vma");
+        print_offset("struct vm_area_struct",       "vm_start",     "vma");
+        print_offset("struct vm_area_struct",       "vm_end",           "vma");
+        print_offset("struct vm_area_struct",       "vm_next",      "vma");
+        print_offset("struct vm_area_struct",       "vm_flags",     "vma");
+        print_offset("struct vm_area_struct",       "vm_file",      "vma");
+
+        # used in reading file information 
+        # This is gross because the name doesn't match the symbol identifier.
+        fstruct = "struct file"
+        f_path_offset = gdb.execute(f'printf "%d",(int)&(({fstruct}*)0)->f_path.dentry',to_string=True)
+        print(f"fs.f_path_dentry_offset = {f_path_offset}",file=file_out)
+        offset = gdb.execute(f'printf "%d",(int)&(({fstruct}*)0)->f_path.mnt',to_string=True)
+        print(f"fs.f_path_mnt_offset = {offset}",file=file_out)
+
+        print_offset("struct file",             "f_pos",            "fs");
+        print_offset("struct files_struct",     "fdt",          "fs");
+        print_offset("struct files_struct",     "fdtab",            "fs");
+        print_offset("struct fdtable",          "fd",               "fs");
+
+        #  used for resolving path names */
+        print_size("struct qstr",                   "size",         "qstr");
+        print_offset("struct qstr",             "name",         "qstr");
+        print_offset("struct dentry",               "d_name",                   "path");
+        print_offset("struct dentry",               "d_iname",              "path");
+        print_offset("struct dentry",               "d_parent",             "path");
+        print_offset("struct dentry",               "d_op",                 "path");
+        print_offset("struct dentry_operations",    "d_dname",              "path");
+        print_offset("struct vfsmount",         "mnt_root",             "path");
+        if int(versions[0]) >= 3:
+            # fields in struct mount 
+            print_offset_from_member("struct mount",    "mnt", "mnt_parent",        "path");
+            print_offset_from_member("struct mount",    "mnt", "mnt_mountpoint",    "path");
+        else:
+            # fields in struct vfsmount 
+            print_offset("struct vfsmount",         "mnt_parent",               "path");
+            print_offset("struct vfsmount",         "mnt_mountpoint",           "path");
+        if file_out != sys.stdout:
+            file_out.close()
+
+# This registers our class to the gdb runtime at "source" time.
+KernelInfo()

Emulation/scripts/kernelinfo_gdb/run.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+if [ "$#" -lt 1 ]; then
+   echo "run.sh [debuggable vmlinux file] [output file]"
+   exit
+fi
+
+VMLINUX=$1
+OUTPUT_FILE=$2
+SCRIPTDIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd )"
+
+gdb $VMLINUX -ex "source ${SCRIPTDIR}/extract_kernelinfo.py" -ex "kernel_info $OUTPUT_FILE" -ex "q"

Emulation/scripts/makeImage.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+source scripts/env.config
+
+
+IID=${1}
+ARCH=${2}
+
+
+echo "----Running----"
+WORK_DIR="${WORK_DIR}/${IID}"
+IMAGE="${WORK_DIR}/image.raw"
+IMAGE_DIR="${WORK_DIR}/image"
+
+LIBNVRAM="${LIB_DIR}/libnvram.so.${ARCH}"
+CONSOLE="${LIB_DIR}/console.${ARCH}"
+
+echo "----Copying Filesystem Tarball----"
+mkdir -p "${WORK_DIR}"
+chmod a+rwx "${WORK_DIR}"
+chown -R "${USER}" "${WORK_DIR}"
+chgrp -R "${USER}" "${WORK_DIR}"
+
+if [ ! -e "${WORK_DIR}/${IID}.tar.gz" ]; then
+    if [ ! -e "${TARBALL_DIR}/${IID}.tar.gz" ]; then
+        echo "Error: Cannot find tarball of root filesystem for ${IID}!"
+        exit 1
+    else
+        cp "${TARBALL_DIR}/${IID}.tar.gz" "${WORK_DIR}/${IID}.tar.gz"
+    fi
+fi
+
+echo "----Creating QEMU Image----"
+qemu-img create -f raw "${IMAGE}" 1G
+chmod a+rw "${IMAGE}"
+
+echo "----Creating Partition Table----"
+echo -e "o\nn\np\n1\n\n\nw" | /sbin/fdisk "${IMAGE}"
+
+echo "----Mounting QEMU Image----"
+kpartx_out="$(kpartx -a -s -v "${IMAGE}")"                                      
+DEVICE="$(echo $kpartx_out | cut -d ' ' -f 3)"                                  
+DEVICE="/dev/mapper/$DEVICE" 
+echo $DEVICE  
+sleep 1
+
+echo "----Creating Filesystem----"
+mkfs.ext2 "${DEVICE}"
+sync
+
+echo "----Making QEMU Image Mountpoint----"
+if [ ! -e "${IMAGE_DIR}" ]; then
+    mkdir "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+    chown "${USER}" "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+fi
+
+echo "----Mounting QEMU Image Partition 1----"
+mount "${DEVICE}" "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+
+echo "----Extracting Filesystem Tarball----"
+tar -xf "${WORK_DIR}/$IID.tar.gz" -C "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+rm "${WORK_DIR}/${IID}.tar.gz"
+
+echo "----Creating FIRMADYNE Directories----"
+mkdir "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/"
+mkdir "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/libnvram/"
+mkdir "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/libnvram.override/"
+
+echo "----Patching Filesystem (chroot)----"
+cp $(which busybox) "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+cp "${SCRIPT_DIR}/fixImage.sh" "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+chroot "${IMAGE_DIR}" /busybox ash /fixImage.sh
+rm "${IMAGE_DIR}/fixImage.sh"
+rm "${IMAGE_DIR}/busybox"
+
+echo "----Setting up FIRMADYNE----"
+cp "${CONSOLE}" "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/console"
+chmod a+x "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/console"
+mknod -m 666 "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/ttyS1" c 4 65
+
+cp "${LIBNVRAM}" "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/libnvram.so"
+chmod a+x "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/libnvram.so"
+
+cp "${SCRIPT_DIR}/preInit.sh" "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/preInit.sh"
+chmod a+x "${IMAGE_DIR}/firmadyne/preInit.sh"
+
+# cp -r "${IMAGE_DIR}" "${EMU_DIR}/image_${IID}"
+
+
+
+
+echo "----Unmounting QEMU Image----"
+sync
+umount "${DEVICE}"
+kpartx -d "${IMAGE}"
+
+cd ${WORK_DIR}
+qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 image.raw image.qcow2
\ No newline at end of file

Emulation/scripts/makeNetwork.py

+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import sys
+import getopt
+import re
+import struct
+import socket
+import stat
+import os
+
+debug = 0
+
+QEMUCMDTEMPLATE = """#!/bin/bash
+
+set -u
+
+ARCH="%(ARCHEND)s"
+set -u
+IID=%(IID)i
+%(START_NET)s
+
+function cleanup {
+    pkill -P $$
+    %(STOP_NET)s
+}
+
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+echo "Starting firmware emulation... use Ctrl-a + x to exit"
+sleep 1s
+
+%(QEMU_ENV_VARS)s %(QEMU)s -m 256 -M %(MACHINE)s -kernel ./vmlinux \\
+    %(QEMU_DISK)s -append "root=%(QEMU_ROOTFS)s console=ttyS0 nandsim.parts=64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64 rdinit=/firmadyne/preInit.sh rw debug ignore_loglevel print-fatal-signals=1 user_debug=31 firmadyne.syscall=0" \\
+    -nographic \\
+    %(QEMU_NETWORK)s | tee qemu.final.serial.log
+"""
+
+def stripTimestamps(data):
+    lines = data.split("\n")
+    #throw out the timestamps
+    lines = [re.sub(r"^\[[^\]]*\] firmadyne: ", "", l) for l in lines]
+    return lines
+
+def findMacChanges(data, endianness):
+    lines = stripTimestamps(data)
+    candidates = filter(lambda l: l.startswith("ioctl_SIOCSIFHWADDR"), lines)
+    if debug:
+        print("Mac Changes %r" % candidates)
+
+    result = []
+    if endianness == "eb":
+        fmt = ">I"
+    elif endianness == "el":
+        fmt = "<I"
+    for c in candidates:
+        g = re.match(r"^ioctl_SIOCSIFHWADDR\[[^\]]+\]: dev:([^ ]+) mac:0x([0-9a-f]+) 0x([0-9a-f]+)", c)
+        if g:
+            (iface, mac0, mac1) = g.groups()
+            m0 = struct.pack(fmt, int(mac0, 16))[2:]
+            m1 = struct.pack(fmt, int(mac1, 16))
+            mac = "%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x" % struct.unpack("BBBBBB", m0+m1)
+            result.append((iface, mac))
+    return result
+
+# Get the netwokr interfaces in the router, except 127.0.0.1
+def findNonLoInterfaces(data, endianness):
+    #lines = data.split("\r\n")
+    lines = stripTimestamps(data)
+    candidates = filter(lambda l: l.startswith("__inet_insert_ifa"), lines) # logs for the inconfig process
+    if debug:
+        print("Candidate ifaces: %r" % candidates)
+    result = []
+    if endianness == "eb":
+        fmt = ">I"
+    elif endianness == "el":
+        fmt = "<I"
+    for c in candidates:
+        g = re.match(r"^__inet_insert_ifa\[[^\]]+\]: device:([^ ]+) ifa:0x([0-9a-f]+)", c)
+        if g:
+            (iface, addr) = g.groups()
+            addr = socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack(fmt, int(addr, 16)))
+            if addr != "127.0.0.1" and addr != "0.0.0.0":
+                result.append((iface, addr))
+    return result
+
+def findIfacesForBridge(data, brif):
+    #lines = data.split("\r\n")
+    lines = stripTimestamps(data)
+    result = []
+    candidates = filter(lambda l: l.startswith("br_dev_ioctl") or l.startswith("br_add_if"), lines)
+    for c in candidates:
+        for p in [r"^br_dev_ioctl\[[^\]]+\]: br:%s dev:(.*)", r"^br_add_if\[[^\]]+\]: br:%s dev:(.*)"]:
+            pat = p % brif
+            g = re.match(pat, c)
+            if g:
+                iface = g.group(1)
+                #we only add it if the interface is not the bridge itself
+                #there are images that call brctl addif br0 br0 (e.g., 5152)
+                if iface != brif:
+                    result.append(iface.strip())
+    return result
+
+def findVlanInfoForDev(data, dev):
+    #lines = data.split("\r\n")
+    lines = stripTimestamps(data)
+    results = []
+    candidates = filter(lambda l: l.startswith("register_vlan_dev"), lines)
+    for c in candidates:
+        g = re.match(r"register_vlan_dev\[[^\]]+\]: dev:%s vlan_id:([0-9]+)" % dev, c)
+        if g:
+            results.append(int(g.group(1)))
+    return results
+
+def ifaceNo(dev):
+    g = re.match(r"[^0-9]+([0-9]+)", dev)
+    return int(g.group(1)) if g else -1
+
+def qemuArchNetworkConfig(i, arch, n):
+    if not n:
+        if arch == "arm":
+            return "-device virtio-net-device,netdev=net%(I)i -netdev socket,id=net%(I)i,listen=:200%(I)i" % {'I': i}
+        else:
+            return "-netdev socket,id=net%(I)i,listen=:200%(I)i -device e1000,netdev=net%(I)i" % {'I': i}
+    else:
+        (ip, dev, vlan, mac) = n
+         # newer kernels use virtio only
+        if arch == "arm":
+            return "-device virtio-net-device,netdev=net%(I)i -netdev tap,id=net%(I)i,ifname=${TAPDEV_%(I)i},script=no" % {'I': i}
+        else:
+            vlan_id = vlan if vlan else i
+            mac_str = "" if not mac else ",mac=%s" % mac
+            return "-netdev tap,id=net%(I)i,ifname=${TAPDEV_%(I)i},script=no -device e1000,netdev=net%(I)i%(MAC)s" % { 'I' : i, 'MAC' : mac_str}
+
+def qemuNetworkConfig(arch, network):
+    output = []
+    assigned = []
+
+    # Fix Id conflict bug
+    flag = 0
+    for k in range(0, 4):
+        for j, n in enumerate(network):
+            # need to connect the jth emulated network interface to the corresponding host interface
+            if k == ifaceNo(n[1]):
+                output.append(qemuArchNetworkConfig(j, arch, n))
+                assigned.append(n)
+                flag = j
+                break
+
+    for i in range(0, 4):
+        if i != flag:
+            # otherwise, put placeholder socket connection
+            if len(output) <= i:
+                output.append(qemuArchNetworkConfig(i, arch, None))
+
+    # find unassigned interfaces
+    for j, n in enumerate(network):
+        if n not in assigned:
+            # guess assignment
+            print("Warning: Unmatched interface: %s" % (n,))
+            output[j] = qemuArchNetworkConfig(j, arch, n)
+            assigned.append(n)
+
+    return ' '.join(output)
+
+def buildConfig(brif, iface, vlans, macs):
+    #there should be only one ip
+    ip = brif[1]
+    br = brif[0]
+
+    #strip vlanid from interface name (e.g., eth2.2 -> eth2)
+    dev = iface.split(".")[0]
+
+    #check whether there is a different mac set
+    mac = None
+    d = dict(macs)
+    if br in d:
+        mac = d[br]
+    elif dev in d:
+        mac = d[dev]
+
+    vlan_id = None
+    if len(vlans):
+        vlan_id = vlans[0]
+
+    return (ip, dev, vlan_id, mac)
+
+def getIP(ip):
+    tups = [int(x) for x in ip.split(".")]
+    if tups[3] != 1:
+        tups[3] -= 1
+    else:
+        tups[3] = 2
+    return ".".join([str(x) for x in tups])
+
+def startNetwork(network):
+    template_1 = """
+TAPDEV_%(I)i=tap${IID}_%(I)i
+HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i=${TAPDEV_%(I)i}
+echo "Creating TAP device ${TAPDEV_%(I)i}..."
+sudo tunctl -t ${TAPDEV_%(I)i} -u ${USER}
+"""
+
+    template_vlan = """
+echo "Initializing VLAN..."
+HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i=${TAPDEV_%(I)i}.%(VLANID)i
+sudo ip link add link ${TAPDEV_%(I)i} name ${HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i} type vlan id %(VLANID)i
+sudo ip link set ${TAPDEV_%(I)i} up
+"""
+
+    template_2 = """
+echo "Bringing up TAP device..."
+sudo ip link set ${HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i} up
+sudo ip addr add %(HOSTIP)s/24 dev ${HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i}
+
+echo "Adding route to %(GUESTIP)s..."
+sudo ip route add %(GUESTIP)s via %(GUESTIP)s dev ${HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i}
+"""
+
+    output = []
+    for i, (ip, dev, vlan, mac) in enumerate(network):
+        output.append(template_1 % {'I' : i})
+        if vlan:
+            output.append(template_vlan % {'I' : i, 'VLANID' : vlan})
+        output.append(template_2 % {'I' : i, 'HOSTIP' : getIP(ip), 'GUESTIP': ip})
+    return '\n'.join(output)
+
+def stopNetwork(network):
+    template_1 = """
+echo "Deleting route..."
+sudo ip route flush dev ${HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i}
+
+echo "Bringing down TAP device..."
+sudo ip link set ${TAPDEV_%(I)i} down
+"""
+
+    template_vlan = """
+echo "Removing VLAN..."
+sudo ip link delete ${HOSTNETDEV_%(I)i}
+"""
+
+    template_2 = """
+echo "Deleting TAP device ${TAPDEV_%(I)i}..."
+sudo tunctl -d ${TAPDEV_%(I)i}
+"""
+
+    output = []
+    for i, (ip, dev, vlan, mac) in enumerate(network):
+        output.append(template_1 % {'I' : i})
+        if vlan:
+            output.append(template_vlan % {'I' : i})
+        output.append(template_2 % {'I' : i})
+    return '\n'.join(output)
+
+def qemuCmd(iid, network, arch, endianness):
+    if arch == "mips":
+        qemuEnvVars = ""
+        machine = "malta"
+        if endianness == 'el':
+          qemu = "qemu-system-mipsel"
+        elif endianness == 'eb':
+          qemu = "qemu-system-mips"
+        qemu_rootfs = "/dev/sda1"
+        qemuKernel = "./vmlinux"
+        qemuDisk = "-drive if=ide,format=qcow2,file=image.qcow2"
+        if endianness != "eb" and endianness != "el":
+            raise Exception("You didn't specify a valid endianness")
+    elif arch == "arm":
+        qemuDisk = "-drive if=none,file=image.raw,format=raw,id=rootfs -device virtio-blk-device,drive=rootfs"
+        qemuKernel = "./zImage"
+        qemu_rootfs = "/dev/vda1"
+        if endianness == "el":
+            qemu = "qemu-system-arm"
+            qemuEnvVars = "QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none"
+        elif endianness == "eb":
+            raise Exception("armeb currently not supported")
+        else:
+            raise Exception("You didn't specify a valid endianness")
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Unsupported architecture")
+
+    return QEMUCMDTEMPLATE % {'IID': iid,
+                              'QEMU': qemu,
+                              'MACHINE': machine,
+                              'ARCHEND' : arch + endianness,
+                              'START_NET' : startNetwork(network),
+                              'STOP_NET' : stopNetwork(network),
+                              'QEMU_DISK' : qemuDisk,
+                              'KERNEL' : qemuKernel,
+                              'QEMU_ROOTFS' : qemu_rootfs,
+                              'QEMU_NETWORK' : qemuNetworkConfig(arch, network),
+                              'QEMU_ENV_VARS' : qemuEnvVars}
+
+def process(infile, iid, arch, endianness=None, makeQemuCmd=False, outfile=None):
+    brifs = []
+    vlans = []
+    data = open(infile).read()
+    network = set()
+    success = False
+
+    #find interfaces with non loopback ip addresses
+    ifacesWithIps = findNonLoInterfaces(data, endianness)
+
+    #find changes of mac addresses for devices
+    macChanges = findMacChanges(data, endianness)
+
+    print("Interfaces: %r" % ifacesWithIps)
+
+    deviceHasBridge = False
+    for iwi in ifacesWithIps:
+        #find all interfaces that are bridged with that interface
+        brifs = findIfacesForBridge(data, iwi[0])
+        if debug:
+            print("brifs for %s %r" % (iwi[0], brifs))
+        for dev in brifs:
+            #find vlan_ids for all interfaces in the bridge
+            vlans = findVlanInfoForDev(data, dev)
+            #create a config for each tuple
+            network.add((buildConfig(iwi, dev, vlans, macChanges)))
+            deviceHasBridge = True
+
+        #if there is no bridge just add the interface
+        if not brifs and not deviceHasBridge:
+            vlans = findVlanInfoForDev(data, iwi[0])
+            network.add((buildConfig(iwi, iwi[0], vlans, macChanges)))
+
+    ips = set()
+    pruned_network = []
+    for n in network:
+        if n[0] not in ips:
+            ips.add(n[0])
+            pruned_network.append(n)
+        else:
+            if debug:
+                print("duplicate ip address for interface: ", n)
+
+    if makeQemuCmd:
+        qemuCommandLine = qemuCmd(iid, pruned_network, arch, endianness)
+    if qemuCommandLine:
+        success = True
+    if outfile:
+        with open(outfile, "w") as out:
+            out.write(qemuCommandLine)
+        os.chmod(outfile, stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IXGRP | stat.S_IROTH | stat.S_IXOTH)
+    else:
+        print(qemuCommandLine)
+
+    return success
+
+def archEnd(value):
+    arch = None
+    end = None
+
+    tmp = value.lower()
+    if tmp.startswith("mips"):
+        arch = "mips"
+    elif tmp.startswith("arm"):
+        arch = "arm"
+    if tmp.endswith("el"):
+        end = "el"
+    elif tmp.endswith("eb"):
+        end = "eb"
+    return (arch, end)
+
+def main():
+    infile = None
+    makeQemuCmd = False
+    iid = None
+    outfile = None
+    arch = None
+    endianness = None
+    (opts, argv) = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'f:i:S:a:oqd')
+    for (k, v) in opts:
+        if k == '-f':
+            infile = v
+        if k == '-d':
+            global debug
+            debug += 1
+        if k == '-q':
+            makeQemuCmd = True
+        if k == '-i':
+            iid = int(v)
+        if k == '-S':
+            SCRATCHDIR = v
+        if k == '-o':
+            outfile = True
+        if k == '-a':
+            (arch, endianness) = archEnd(v)
+
+    if not arch or not endianness:
+        raise Exception("Either arch or endianness not found try mipsel/mipseb/armel/armeb")
+
+    if not infile and iid:
+        infile = "%s/qemu.initial.serial.log" % (SCRATCHDIR)
+    if outfile and iid:
+        outfile = """%s/run.sh""" % (SCRATCHDIR)
+    if debug:
+        print("processing %i" % iid)
+    if infile:
+        process(infile, iid, arch, endianness, makeQemuCmd, outfile)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

Emulation/scripts/mount.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: mount.sh <image ID>"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+if check_root; then
+    echo "Error: This script requires root privileges!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "----Running----"
+WORK_DIR=`get_scratch ${IID}`
+IMAGE=`get_fs ${IID}`
+IMAGE_DIR=`get_fs_mount ${IID}`
+
+echo "----Adding Device File----"
+DEVICE=$(get_device "$(kpartx -a -s -v "${IMAGE}")")
+sleep 1
+
+echo "----Making image directory----"
+if [ ! -e "${IMAGE_DIR}" ]
+then
+        mkdir "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+fi
+
+echo "----Mounting----"
+#sudo /bin/mount /dev/nbd0p1 "${IMAGE_DIR}"
+mount "${DEVICE}" "${IMAGE_DIR}"

Emulation/scripts/preInit.sh

+#!/bin/sh
+
+[ -d /dev ] || mkdir -p /dev
+[ -d /root ] || mkdir -p /root
+[ -d /sys ] || mkdir -p /sys
+[ -d /proc ] || mkdir -p /proc
+[ -d /tmp ] || mkdir -p /tmp
+mkdir -p /var/lock
+
+mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
+mount -t proc proc /proc
+ln -sf /proc/mounts /etc/mtab
+
+mkdir -p /dev/pts
+mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
+mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /run

Emulation/scripts/run-debug.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: run-debug.sh <image ID> [<architecture>]"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+if [ $# -gt 1 ]; then
+    if check_arch "${2}"; then
+        echo "Error: Invalid architecture!"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    ARCH=${2}
+else
+    echo -n "Querying database for architecture... "
+    ARCH=$(psql -d firmware -U firmadyne -h 127.0.0.1 -t -q -c "SELECT arch from image WHERE id=${1};")
+    ARCH="${ARCH#"${ARCH%%[![:space:]]*}"}"
+    echo "${ARCH}"
+    if [ -z "${ARCH}" ]; then
+        echo "Error: Unable to lookup architecture. Please specify {armel,mipseb,mipsel} as the second argument!"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+
+${SCRIPT_DIR}/run.${ARCH}-debug.sh ${IID}

Emulation/scripts/run.armel-debug.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: run.armel-debug.sh <image ID>"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+WORK_DIR=`get_scratch ${IID}`
+IMAGE=`get_fs ${IID}`
+KERNEL=`get_kernel "armel"`
+
+QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none qemu-system-arm -m 256 -M virt -kernel ${KERNEL} -drive if=none,file=${IMAGE},format=raw,id=rootfs -device virtio-blk-device,drive=rootfs -append "firmadyne.syscall=0 root=/dev/vda1 console=ttyS0 nandsim.parts=64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64 rdinit=/firmadyne/preInit.sh rw debug ignore_loglevel print-fatal-signals=1 user_debug=31" -nographic -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net1 -netdev socket,listen=:2000,id=net1 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net2 -netdev socket,listen=:2001,id=net2 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net3 -netdev socket,listen=:2002,id=net3 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net4 -netdev socket,listen=:2003,id=net4

Emulation/scripts/run.armel.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+source scripts/env.config
+
+IID=${1}
+ARCH=${2}
+
+WORK_DIR="${WORK_DIR}/${IID}"
+IMAGE="${WORK_DIR}/image.raw"
+KERNEL="${WORK_DIR}/zImage"
+
+
+
+QEMU_AUDIO_DRV=none qemu-system-arm -m 256 -M virt -kernel ${KERNEL} -drive if=none,file=${IMAGE},format=raw,id=rootfs -device virtio-blk-device,drive=rootfs -append "firmadyne.syscall=1 root=/dev/vda1 console=ttyS0 nandsim.parts=64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64 rdinit=/firmadyne/preInit.sh rw debug ignore_loglevel print-fatal-signals=1 user_debug=31" -serial file:${WORK_DIR}/qemu.initial.serial.log -serial unix:/tmp/qemu.${IID}.S1,server,nowait -monitor unix:/tmp/qemu.${IID},server,nowait -display none -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net1 -netdev socket,listen=:2000,id=net1 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net2 -netdev socket,listen=:2001,id=net2 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net3 -netdev socket,listen=:2002,id=net3 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net4 -netdev socket,listen=:2003,id=net4

Emulation/scripts/run.mipseb-debug.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: run.mipseb-debug.sh <image ID>"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+WORK_DIR=`get_scratch ${IID}`
+IMAGE=`get_fs ${IID}`
+KERNEL=`get_kernel "mipseb"`
+
+qemu-system-mips -m 256 -M malta -kernel ${KERNEL} -drive if=ide,format=raw,file=${IMAGE} -append "firmadyne.syscall=0 root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0 nandsim.parts=64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64 rdinit=/firmadyne/preInit.sh rw debug ignore_loglevel print-fatal-signals=1" -nographic -net nic,vlan=0 -net socket,vlan=0,listen=:2000 -net nic,vlan=1 -net socket,vlan=1,listen=:2001 -net nic,vlan=2 -net socket,vlan=2,listen=:2002 -net nic,vlan=3 -net socket,vlan=3,listen=:2003

Emulation/scripts/run.mipseb.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+source scripts/env.config
+
+
+IID=${1}
+ARCH=${2}
+
+WORK_DIR="${WORK_DIR}/${IID}"
+IMAGE="${WORK_DIR}/image.raw"
+KERNEL="${WORK_DIR}/vmlinux"
+
+qemu-system-mips -m 256 -M malta -kernel ${KERNEL} -drive if=ide,format=raw,file=${IMAGE} -append "firmadyne.syscall=1 root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0 nandsim.parts=64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64 rdinit=/firmadyne/preInit.sh rw debug ignore_loglevel print-fatal-signals=1" -serial file:${WORK_DIR}/qemu.initial.serial.log -serial unix:/tmp/qemu.${IID}.S1,server,nowait -monitor unix:/tmp/qemu.${IID},server,nowait -display none -netdev socket,id=s0,listen=:2000 -device e1000,netdev=s0 -netdev socket,id=s1,listen=:2001 -device e1000,netdev=s1 -netdev socket,id=s2,listen=:2002 -device e1000,netdev=s2 -netdev socket,id=s3,listen=:2003 -device e1000,netdev=s3

Emulation/scripts/run.mipsel-debug.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: run.mipsel-debug.sh <image ID>"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+WORK_DIR=`get_scratch ${IID}`
+IMAGE=`get_fs ${IID}`
+KERNEL=`get_kernel "mipsel"`
+
+qemu-system-mipsel -m 256 -M malta -kernel ${KERNEL} -drive if=ide,format=raw,file=${IMAGE} -append "firmadyne.syscall=0 root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0 nandsim.parts=64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64 rdinit=/firmadyne/preInit.sh rw debug ignore_loglevel print-fatal-signals=1" -nographic -net nic,vlan=0 -net socket,vlan=0,listen=:2000 -net nic,vlan=1 -net socket,vlan=1,listen=:2001 -net nic,vlan=2 -net socket,vlan=2,listen=:2002 -net nic,vlan=3 -net socket,vlan=3,listen=:2003

Emulation/scripts/run.mipsel.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+source scripts/env.config
+
+IID=${1}
+ARCH=${2}
+
+WORK_DIR="${WORK_DIR}/${IID}"
+IMAGE="${WORK_DIR}/image.raw"
+KERNEL="${WORK_DIR}/vmlinux"
+
+qemu-system-mipsel -m 256 -M malta -kernel ${KERNEL} -drive if=ide,format=raw,file=${IMAGE} -append "firmadyne.syscall=1 root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0 nandsim.parts=64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64 rdinit=/firmadyne/preInit.sh rw debug ignore_loglevel print-fatal-signals=1" -serial file:${WORK_DIR}/qemu.initial.serial.log -serial unix:/tmp/qemu.${IID}.S1,server,nowait -monitor unix:/tmp/qemu.${IID},server,nowait -display none -netdev socket,id=s0,listen=:2000 -device e1000,netdev=s0 -netdev socket,id=s1,listen=:2001 -device e1000,netdev=s1 -netdev socket,id=s2,listen=:2002 -device e1000,netdev=s2 -netdev socket,id=s3,listen=:2003 -device e1000,netdev=s3

Emulation/scripts/run.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: run.sh <image ID> [<architecture>]"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+if [ $# -gt 1 ]; then
+    if check_arch "${2}"; then
+        echo "Error: Invalid architecture!"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    ARCH=${2}
+else
+    echo -n "Querying database for architecture... "
+    ARCH=$(psql -d firmware -U firmadyne -h 127.0.0.1 -t -q -c "SELECT arch from image WHERE id=${1};")
+    ARCH="${ARCH#"${ARCH%%[![:space:]]*}"}"
+    echo "${ARCH}"
+    if [ -z "${ARCH}" ]; then
+        echo "Error: Unable to lookup architecture. Please specify {armel,mipseb,mipsel} as the second argument!"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+
+${SCRIPT_DIR}/run.${ARCH}.sh ${IID}

Emulation/scripts/tar2db.py

+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import tarfile
+import getopt
+import sys
+import re
+import hashlib
+import psycopg2
+import six
+
+def getFileHashes(infile):
+    t = tarfile.open(infile)
+    files = list()
+    links = list()
+    for f in t.getmembers():
+        if f.isfile():
+            # we use f.name[1:] to get rid of the . at the beginning of the path
+            files.append((f.name[1:], hashlib.md5(t.extractfile(f).read()).hexdigest(),
+                          f.uid, f.gid, f.mode))
+        elif f.issym():
+            links.append((f.name[1:], f.linkpath))
+    return (files, links)
+
+def getOids(objs, cur):
+    # hashes ... all the hashes in the tar file
+    hashes = [x[1] for x in objs]
+    hashes_str = ",".join(["""'%s'""" % x for x in hashes])
+    query = """SELECT id,hash FROM object WHERE hash IN (%s)"""
+    cur.execute(query % hashes_str)
+    res = [(int(x), y) for (x, y) in cur.fetchall()]
+
+    existingHashes = [x[1] for x in res]
+
+    missingHashes = set(hashes).difference(set(existingHashes))
+
+    newObjs = createObjects(missingHashes, cur)
+
+    res += newObjs
+
+    result = dict([(y, x) for (x, y) in res])
+    return result
+
+def createObjects(hashes, cur):
+    query = """INSERT INTO object (hash) VALUES (%(hash)s) RETURNING id"""
+    res = list()
+    for h in set(hashes):
+        cur.execute(query, {'hash':h})
+        oid = int(cur.fetchone()[0])
+        res.append((oid, h))
+    return res
+
+def insertObjectToImage(iid, files2oids, links, cur):
+    query = """INSERT INTO object_to_image (iid, oid, filename, regular_file, uid, gid, permissions) VALUES (%(iid)s, %(oid)s, %(filename)s, %(regular_file)s, %(uid)s, %(gid)s, %(mode)s)"""
+
+    cur.executemany(query, [{'iid': iid, 'oid' : x[1], 'filename' : x[0][0],
+                             'regular_file' : True, 'uid' : x[0][1],
+                             'gid' : x[0][2], 'mode' : x[0][3]} \
+                            for x in files2oids])
+    cur.executemany(query, [{'iid': iid, 'oid' : 1, 'filename' : x[0],
+                             'regular_file' : False, 'uid' : None,
+                             'gid' : None, 'mode' : None} \
+                            for x in links])
+
+def process(iid, infile):
+    dbh = psycopg2.connect(database="firmware", user="firmadyne",
+                           password="firmadyne", host="127.0.0.1")
+    cur = dbh.cursor()
+
+    (files, links) = getFileHashes(infile)
+
+    oids = getOids(files, cur)
+
+    fdict = dict([(h, (filename, uid, gid, mode)) \
+            for (filename, h, uid, gid, mode) in files])
+
+    file2oid = [(fdict[h], oid) for (h, oid) in six.iteritems(oids)]
+
+    insertObjectToImage(iid, file2oid, links, cur)
+
+    dbh.commit()
+
+    dbh.close()
+
+def main():
+    infile = iid = None
+    opts, argv = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "f:i:")
+    for k, v in opts:
+        if k == '-i':
+            iid = int(v)
+        if k == '-f':
+            infile = v
+
+    if infile and not iid:
+        m = re.search(r"(\d+)\.tar\.gz", infile)
+        if m:
+            iid = int(m.group(1))
+
+    process(iid, infile)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

Emulation/scripts/umount.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+set -u
+
+if [ -e ./firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ./firmadyne.config
+elif [ -e ../firmadyne.config ]; then
+    source ../firmadyne.config
+else
+    echo "Error: Could not find 'firmadyne.config'!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if check_number $1; then
+    echo "Usage: umount.sh <image ID>"
+    exit 1
+fi
+IID=${1}
+
+if check_root; then
+    echo "Error: This script requires root privileges!"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "----Running----"
+WORK_DIR=`get_scratch ${IID}`
+IMAGE=`get_fs ${IID}`
+IMAGE_DIR=`get_fs_mount ${IID}`
+
+DEVICE=$(get_device "$(kpartx -u -s -v "${IMAGE}")")
+
+echo "----Unmounting----"
+umount "${DEVICE}"
+
+echo "----Disconnecting Device File----"
+kpartx -d "${IMAGE}"
+losetup -d "${DEVICE}" &>/dev/null
+dmsetup remove $(basename "${DEVICE}") &>/dev/null

Emulation/setup.sh

+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -e
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install -y python-pip python3-pip python3-pexpect unzip busybox-static fakeroot kpartx snmp uml-utilities util-linux vlan qemu-system-arm qemu-system-mips qemu-system-x86 qemu-utils
+
+echo "Installing binwalk"
+git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/devttys0/binwalk.git
+cd binwalk
+sudo ./deps.sh
+sudo python3 ./setup.py install
+sudo -H pip3 install git+https://github.com/ahupp/python-magic
+sudo -H pip install git+https://github.com/sviehb/jefferson
+cd ..
+
+
+
+echo "Setting up firmware analysis toolkit"
+chmod +x emu.py
+chmod +x reset.py
+
+#Set firmadyne_path in fat.config
+sed -i "/firmadyne_path=/c\firmadyne_path=$firmadyne_dir" fat.config
+
+# Comment out psql -d firmware ... in getArch.sh
+sed -i 's/psql/#psql/' ./scripts/getArch.sh
+
+#Setting up the toolchains
+sudo mkdir -p /opt/cross
+sudo cp toolchains/* /opt/cross
+cd /opt/cross
+sudo tar -xf arm-linux-musleabi.tar.xz 
+sudo tar -xf mipseb-linux-musl.tar.xz 
+sudo tar -xf mipsel-linux-musl.tar.xz 
+cd -
+
+mkdir -p ./source/Kernel-mips/build/mipseb
+mkdir -p ./source/Kernel-mips/build/mipsel
+mkdir -p ./source/Kernel-armel/build/armel
+
+cp ./source/Kernel-mips/config.mipseb ./source/Kernel-mips/build/mipseb/.config
+cp ./source/Kernel-mips/config.mipsel ./source/Kernel-mips//build/mipsel/.config
+cp ./source/Kernel-armel/config.armel ./source/Kernel-armel/build/armel/.config
+
+# Adding toolchains to PATH
+echo "PATH=$PATH:/opt/cross/mipsel-linux-musl/bin:/opt/cross/mipseb-linux-musl/bin:/opt/cross/arm-linux-musleabi/bin" >> ~/.profile
+source ~/.profile
+
+# Make the kernels
+cd ./source/Kernel-mips/
+make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=mipseb-linux-musl- O=./build/mipseb -j8
+make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=mipsel-linux-musl- O=./build/mipsel -j8
+cd - && cd ./source/Kernel-armel/
+make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-musleabi- O=./build/armel zImage -j8